C12E 

IJo.73 


CALIFORNIA  STATE  MINING  BUREAU 

FERRY  BUILDING,  SAN  FRANCISCO 
FLETCHER  HAMILTON  State  Mineralogist 

San  Francisco]  BULLETIN  No.  72  [November,  1916 


The  Geologic  Formations 
of  California 

WITH 

Reconnaissance  Geologic  Map 


By  JAMES  PERRIN  SMITH 


26729 


UNlV£K5«5yDF  CAUFOI 
DAViS 

California 

State  Pbintinq  Office 

191G 

UBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


CONTENTS 

Page 

INTRODUCTION    5 

DETAILED    LEGEND   FOR   RECONNAISSANCE    GEOLOGIC   MAP    OF   CALI- 
FORNIA      S 

THE  GEOLOGIC  RECORD  OF  CALIFORNIA 10 

Great  Basin  Sea lo 

Pacific  Record n 

ROCK  FORMING  AGENCIES  OF  CALIFORNIA 12 

Igneous  Rocks  12 

Inorganic  Sediments i'-' 

Organic  Sediments  14 

Siliceous  Organic  Sediments 15 

Coal  Deposits 1<! 

Chemical  Deposits  IC 

GEOLOGIC  TABLES IG 

SOURCES  OF  DATA  FOR  THE  GEOLOGIC  MAP IS 

Sierra  Nevada I'J 

MojAVE  Desert . 20 

Colorado  Desert 20 

Islands  of  Santa  Barbara  Channel 21 

Coast  Ranges 21 

Klamath  Mountains 23 

Cascade  Mountains  and  Modoc  Lava  Field 24 

The  Great  Valley 24 

FORMATIONS  SHOWN  ON  THE  MAP 25 

Pre-Cambrian  Metamorphics 25 

Santa  Lucia  Formation 25 

Paleozoic   42 

Cambrian   26 

Ordovician-Silurian   27 

Devonian    27 

Carboniferous 28 

Triassic 29 

Jurassic    30 

Franciscan  Formation 32 

Cretaceous 33 

Undifferentiated 33 

Lower   .  33 

Upper 34 

Tertiary 34 

Eocene 34 

Auriferous  Gravels 35 

Miocene    35 

Pliocene 38 

Undifferentiated 39 

Quaternary 39 

Igneous  Rocks , 39 

Volcanic 39 

Plutonic 40 

Petroleum   , 41 

LIST   OF  STATE  MINING  BUREAU   PUBLICATIONS 42 

INDEX    45 


9457S 


The  Geologic  Formations  of  California 

Ja.mks  Perrin  Smith. 
INTRODUCTION. 

A  quarter  of  a  century  has  passed  since  the  preparation  of  the 
Preliminar}-  Geological  Map  of  California,  published  by  the  California 
State  Mining  Bureau  in  1801. 

The  State  Mineralogist,  jMr.  Fletcher  Hamilton,  was  resolved  to 
signalize  the  end  of  the  second  quarter  of  a  century  of  studies  in  the 
geology  of  California  by  taking  stock,  and  showing  what  we  have 
done  in  that  period.  The  writer  agreed,  at  his  request,  to  sum  up 
all  the  available  information  in  map  form.  This  Bulletin,  with  the 
Reconnaissance  Geologic  ]Map  of  California  that  accompanies  it,  is 
essentially  a  report  of  progress  for  this  period.  He  is  well  aware 
that  there  are  many  imperfections.  Certain  areas  have  not  been 
mapped  at  all,  and  others  only  in  a  general  way.  Also  there  is  much 
information  buried  in  unpublished  notes  and  maps  of  private  indi- 
viduals and  corporations  that  would  materially  improve  the  map,  if 
it  were  available.  Such  unpublished  material  as  could  be  obtained 
has  been  used,  along  with  the  much  greater  mass  of  published  informa- 
tion in  maps  and  descriptive  papers  in  the  publications  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey,  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  California 
Academy  of  Sciences,  Bulletins  of  the  Department  of  Geology  of  the 
l^niversity  of  California,  and  the  various  scientific  publications  of 
Aiiu^rica  and  foreign  countries. 

This  last  (juarter  of  a  century  has  been  made  notable  for  California 
l)y  the  mapping  of  the  Gold  Belt  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  by 
H.  W.  Turner,  Waldemar  Lindgren,  J.  S.  Diller  and  F.  L.  Ransome; 
by  areal  mapping  in  the  Coast  Ranges  by  A.  C.  Lawson,  J.  C.  Branuer, 
H.  W.  Fairbanks  and  R.  Arnold;  by  the  detailed  mapping  of  the  oil 
fields  by  R.  Arnold,  H.  R.  Johnson,  F.  M.  Anderson,  and  R.  Anderson ; 
by  the  stratigraphic  work  in  the  Klamath  Mountains  of  J.  S.  Diller 
and  0.  n.  Hershey ;  by  the  studies  in  tlic  continental  formations  by 
J.  C.  Merriam  in  the  desert  regions,  and  by  W.  Lindgren  in  the 
Tertiary  river  deposits. 

C.  D.  Walcott  has  added  the  Cambrian  to  our  geologic  column,  in 
the  desert  region  of  southeastern  California.  J.  S.  Diller  has  added 
the  Silurian  and  Devonian,  and  greath'  extended  our  knowledge  ot* 
the  Carbonifei-ous.  The  Carboniferous  and  Triassic  stratigraphy  and 
I)aleontology  have  been  studied  in  detail  by  J.  P.  Smith.  The  Jurassic 
stratigraphy  has  been  described  by  A.  Hyatt  and  J.  P.  Smith,  and 
the  paleobotany  of  that  system  by  L.  F.  Ward  and  W.  i\[.  Fontaine. 


b  STATE   MINING   BUREAU. 

The  Cretaceous  stratigraphy  has  been  described  by  C.  A.  White, 
J.  S.  Diller,  T.  W.  Stanton,  and  F.  M.  Anderson,  and  the  paleobotany 
of  the  Cretaceons  by  L.  F.  Ward. 

The  Tertiary  formations  have  been  the  most  Incrative  field  in  the 
past  twenty-five  years.  Tlie  invertel)rate  fannas  of  this  system  have 
been  studied  with  great  care  by  W.  H.  Dall,  T.  AV.  Stanton,  F.  M. 
Anderson,  R.  Arnokl,  R.  E.  Dickcrsoii,  C.  E.  Weaver,  B.  L.  Clark, 
J.  P.  Smith  and  otliers.  The  verte])rates  have  been  descri])ed  by  J.  C. 
IMerriam.  and  the  paleobotany  by  F.  H.  Knowlton. 

The  most  striking  addition  to  our  knoAvledge  of  the  geologic  history 
of  California  has  been  made  in  the  studies  of  the  Quaternary  inverte- 
brates by  R.  Arnold,  and  of  the  vertebrates  by  J.  C.  Merriam. 

Physical  geology  has  received  valuable  contributions  of  worldwide 
interest  from  the  work  of  J.  S.  Diller  on  mountain  structure  in  rela- 
tion to  physiography;  of  A.  C.  Lawson  on  the  types  of  structure  of 
the  Coast  Ranges  in  their  relation  to  seismology;  of  J.  S.  Diller  and 
R.  S.  Ilolway  on  vulcanism  as  exhibited  by  Lassen  Peak,  the  only 
active  volcano  in  the  United  States;  of  I.  C.  Russell,  A.  C.  Lawson, 
and  R.  S.  Hohvay  on  glaciation  -.  of  W.  Lindgren  and  H.  W.  Turner 
in  niountain  structure  and  physical  history  in  their  relations  to  the 
ore  deposits  of  the  Gold  Belt. 

The  petrographj^  of  the  State  has  been  worked  over  thoroughly.  The 
rocks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  have  been  studied  by  H.  W.  Turner,  W. 
Lindgren  and  F.  L.  Ransome ;  those  of  the  Klamath  jNIountains  by 
J.  S.  Diller  and  0.  H.  Hershey ;  those  of  the  Coast  Rang'^s  by  A.  C.  Law- 
son,  Charles  Palache,  H.  W.  Fairbanks  and  J.  P.  Smith;  those  of  the 
Sierra  Madre  by  R.  Arnold,  A.  M.  Strong  and  0.  H.  Hershey. 

The  phA'siography  of  California  has  become  classic  from  the  work  of 
J.  S.  Diller  in  the  Klamath  region ;  of  W.  Lindgren,  H.  W.  Turner  and 
I.  C.  Russell  in  the  Sierra  Nevada;  of  A.  C.  Lawson  in  the  Coast 
Ranges;  of  F.  L.  Ransome  in  the  Great  Valley ;  and  of  H.  W.  Fairbanks, 
A.  C.  Lawson,  and  R.  S.  Holway  on  the  general  features  of  the  State. 

Economic  geology  has  not  been  neglected,  notable  contributions  hav- 
ing been  made  by  W.  Lindgren  on  the  auriferous  gravels,  and  on  the 
gold-quartz  of  the  Sierra  Nevada;  by  T.  C.  Hopkins  on  structural 
materials ;  by  G.  F.  Kunz  on  gems ;  by  R.  Arnold  and  R.  P.  INIcLaughlin 
on  the  petroleum  industry;  by  various  members  of  the  State  Mining 
Bureau  on  the  quicksilver  and  the  copper  industry. 

The  mineralogy  of  the  State  has  been  adequately  treated  by  A.  S. 
Eakle,  A.  F.  Rogers,  G.  D.  Louderback,  F.  L.  Ransome  and  G.  F.  Kunz, 
and  many  new  minerals  added  to  the  world's  list. 

In  the  past  twenty-five  years  California  has  furnished  at  least  her 
share  of  geologic  literature  of  interest  beyond  the  boundaries  of  the 
State.     She  has  had  in  that  period  the  services  of  a  large  and  efficient 


GEOLOGIC    FORMATIONS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  7 

force  of  trained  workers,  whose  papers  are  cited  below.  But  even  this 
quarter  of  a  century  of  investigations  by  a  small  array  of  workers  has 
not  been  sufficient  for  the  preparation  of  a  complete  geologic  map.  The 
area  of  the  State,  being  155,908  square  miles,  is  too  great  for  that  to  be 
possible,  extensive  stretches  having  been  little  studied.  Consequently 
our  knowledge  of  the  State  is  very  uneven,  and  much  remains  to  be 
done,  especially  in  the  Klamath  Mountains  and  northern  Coast  Ranges, 
and  in  the  Mojave  and  Colorado  deserts. 


STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 


DETAILED  LEGEND  FOR  RECONNAISSANCE  GEOLOGIC 
MAP  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Compiled  by  J.  P.  Smith. 


I 


1  \_Q^  QUATERNARY. 

Including  alluvium,  lake  beds,  marine  San  Pedro  formation 
on  the  coast,  and  desert  wash. 

2  f^l  PLIOCENE. 

Including  marine  Merced,  Purisima,  Fernando,  San  Diego 
and  Etchegoin  formations  of  the  coast  and  San  Joaquin 
Valley;  the  Santa  Clara,  Tulare  and  Paso  Robles  fresh- 
water beds,  and  some  delta  formations. 

3  1^!  MIOCENE. 

Including  marine  Vaqueros,  Monterey,  Santa  Margarita, 
San  Pablo  and  Jacalitos  formations  of  the  Coast  Ranges 
and  San  Joaquin  Valley ;  also  some  lake-beds  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  and  in  the  desert  region;  also  the  Tuscan  tuffs  of 
the  head  of  the  Sacramento  Valley. 

4  [Wj  EOCENE. 

Including  marine  Tejon  and  Martinez  formations  of  the 
Coast  Ranges  and  San  Joaquin  Valley;  the  lone  forma- 
tion of  the  western  flank  of  the  Sierra  Nevada;  also  some 
lake-beds. 

5  PJ  AURIFEROUS  GRAVELS. 

Ancient  river  channels  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Klamath 
Mountain. 

6  [Yj  TERTIARY  UNDIFFERENTIATED. 

Including  some  marine  beds  in  San  Diego  County,  in 
Marin  and  Sonoma  counties ;  also  some  lake-beds  and  desert 
accumulations. 

7  \K^  UPPER  CRETACEOUS. 

Chico  and  Horsetown  formations  of  the  Coast  Ranges  and 
Sacramento  Valley. 

8  ^^!  LOWER  CRETACEOUS. 

Knoxville  formation  of  the  Coast  Ranges  and  Klamath 
Mountains. 


K     CRETACEOUS  UNDIFFERENTIATED. 

Including  the  Cretaceous  of  the  western  side  of  the  Sacra- 
mento Valley,  and  of  the  middle  Coast  Ranges,  embracing 
both  Chico  and  Knoxville. 


GEOLOGIC   FORMATIONS   OF   CALIFORNIA.  3 

10  1^  JURASSIC. 

Including  the  Mariposa  formation  of  the  Gold  Belt,  and 
associated  metamorphic  and  igneous  rocks;  also  the  Hard- 
grave,  Milton,  Potem,  Modin,  and  Monte  d'Oro  forma- 
tions of  the  same  region. 

11  JlTl  FRANCISCAN. 

Cherts,  slates,  serpentines,  metamorphic  pre-Cretaceous 
rocks  of  the  Coast  Ranges. 

12  [T^  TRIASSIC. 

Including  marine  limestones  and  shales,  Pit,  Hosselkus, 
Cedar  and  Sailor  Caiion  formations  of  the  Gold  Belt,  and 
the  Meekoceras  beds  of  Inyo  County. 

13  |"C^  CARBONIFEROUS. 

Including  the  Bragdon,  Baird,  McCloud  and  Nosoni  forma- 
tions of  the  Klamath  Mountains,  the  Calaveras  formation 
of  the  Gold  Belt,  and  associated  metamorphic  and  igneous 
rocks. 


14  D     DEVONIAN. 

Including  Kennett  limestones  and  shales  of  the  Klamath 
Mountains  and  associated  igneous  rocks;  also  similar  beds 
in  Plumas  and  Inyo  counties. 

15  rs^[  SILURIAN-ORDOVICIAN. 

Including  the  Montgomery  limestone  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
also  the  Eureka  and  Pogonip  formations  of  southeastern 
California. 

16  rc^  CAMBRIAN. 

Limestones  j.nd  shales  of  Inyo  County  and  the  Mojavo 
and  Colorado  deserts. 

17  Ym    PALEOZOIC  MET  AMORPHICS  UNDIFFERENTIATED. 

Including  limestones,  slates  and  associated  igneous  and 
metamorphic  rocks  of  the  Klamath  Mountains  and  the 
Mojave  Desert. 

18  ~sr  SANTA  LUCIA. 

Gneisses,  schists  and  crystalline  limestones  of  the  Coast 
Ranges. 

19  iA^  PRE-CAMBRIAN  METAMORPHICS. 

Including  gneisses,  schists,  quartzites  and  crystalline  lime- 
stones of  the  Klamath  Mountains  and  the  Mojave  and 
Colorado  deserts. 


10  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

20    !~V~  VOLCANICS. 


Lavas,  andesites,  l)asalts  and  rhyolites,  chiefly  Tertiary  in 
age. 

21  1^  PLUTONICS. 

Including  the  hatholiths,  granite,  gabl)ro,  and  quartz  dio- 
rites,  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Klamath  Mountains,  Coast 
Ranges,  Sierra  IMadre,  and  southeastern  California. 

22  |o[l'  OIL  FIELDS. 

Small  areas  in  solid  black;  large  areas,  cross-hached. 

THE   GEOLOGIC   RECORD   OF   CALIFORNIA, 

The  geologic  record  of  California  is  exceedingly  complete  for  a  single 
geographic  region,  because  of  the  two  ancient  and  persistent  seas  that 
covered  some  portion  of  its  surface  during  each  geologic  period.  These 
seas  were  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  Great  Basin  Sea. 

Great  Basin  Sea.  The  older  portion  of  the  geologic  record,  from 
the  Cambrian  to  the  top  of  the  IMiddle  Jurassic,  has  been  preserved 
chiefly  in  the  sediments  of  the  Great  Basin  Sea,  while  during  those  ages 
that  part  of  California  Avhich  was  afterward  covered  by  the  Pacific 
Ocean  was  either  above  water,  or  has  had  its  sediments  so  much  meta- 
morphosed that  their  age  is  not  positively  determinable. 

The  Great  Basin  Sea  of  Paleozoic  and  early  Mesozoic  time  covered 
approximatel.y  the  area  of  the  Great  Basin  of  the  present  age,  some- 
times more,  and  sometimes  less,  dwindling  away  gradually  from  the 
noble  expanse  of  the  Carboniferous  sea  to  the  shrunken  remnant  in 
early  Mesozoic  time.  This  basin  at  all  times  was  directly  connected 
with  the  Pacific  Ocean,  by  a  broad  passage  to  the  northwest ;  and  during 
a  part  of  the  Paleozoic,  especially  during  the  period  of  the  Coal 
Measures,  it  was  joined  to  the  Mississippian  Sea.  At  all  other  times 
it  was  exclusively  western,  and  the  marine  Triassic  and  Jurassic  history 
of  the  United  States  is  its  peculiar  property.  It  has  played  very  much 
the  same  part  in  tlie  geologic  history  of  North  America  as  the  ancient 
Mediterranean,  or  Tethys,  did  in  the  history  of  Europe,  though  on  a 
much  smaller  scale,  since  it  was  epicontinental,  and  not  interconti- 
nental. The  Cambrian,  Silurian,  and  Devonian  sediments  of  Cali- 
fornia are  mere  fragments  of  little  area,  representing  only  a  small  part 
of  the  entire  time  of  those  ages.  The  Carboniferous,  hoAvever,  is  fairly 
complete,  all  three  major  divisions  being  fully  represented  by  marine 
faunas.  The  Triassic  period  is  well  represented ;  the  Lower  Triassic  is 
nearly  as  good  as  the  standard  American  section  of  Idaho;  the  Middle 
Triassic  has  both  of  the  greater  divisions,  although  the  main  portion  is 
not  nearly  so  complete  as  the  standard  section  of  the  West  Humboldt 
Range  in  Nevada.     The  Upper  Triassic  of  California  is  the  standard 


GEOLOGIC   FORMATIONS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  11 

for  this  epoch  in  America,  and  compares  very  favorably  with  the  rest  of 
the  world  in  the  richness  of  its  faunas,  and  the  completeness  of  the 
record.  The  Jurassic  section  of  the  Great  Basin  Sea  is  the  most  com- 
plete in  the  United  States,  having  portions  of  each  stage  from  Lias  to 
Kelloway,  inclusive;  but  it  is  fragmentary,  the  faunas  being  poorly 
preserved  and  scanty.  It  is  not  comparable  with  the  Jurassic  record 
of  Alaska  and  British  Columbia,  and  nowhere  approaching  that  of 
South  America.  With  this  epoch  the  marine  column  of  the  Great  Basin 
ends  abruptly,  as  the  sea  was  obliterated  at  the  beginning  of  the  Cordil- 
leran  revolution. 

The  Tertiary  record  of  the  Great  l^asin  region  is  preserved  in  the 
ancient  lake  beds  and  other  continental  accumulations,  which  continued 
to  form  througli  the  Pleistocene. 

Pacific  Record.  The  marine  record  of  California  from  the  bottom 
of  the  Upper  Jurassic  through  the  Quaternary  was  kept  exclusively 
by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  This  was  divided  between  two  provinces,  or 
areas  of  sedimentation,  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  the  Coast  Ranges,  but 
the  distribution  was  not  balanced.  The  Pacific  province  is  one  of  the 
great  geosynclines,  with  sediments  approximating  seventy  thousand 
feet  in  thickness,  and  undergoing  subsidence  more  or  less  continuously, 
though  spasmodically,  from  the  Triassic  onward,  interrupted  by  great 
periods  of  orogenic  activity.  This  is  a  part  of  that  grand  structural 
feature  of  the  continent  of  which  the  Great  Valley,  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia, the  Willamette  Valley,  and  Puget  Sound,  are  mere  remnants. 

The  recognizable  Paleozoic  and  early  Mesozoic  sediments  are  confined 
to  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Klamath  Mountains,  while  the  Cretaceous  and 
Tertiary  strata  are  most  complete  in  the  Coast  Ranges.  The  Sierran 
record  is  fragmentary,  the  formations  being  incomplete,  separated  by 
great  unconformities,  including  great  masses  of  tuffs  and  igneous  rocks 
and  showing  evidence  of  important  recurring  orogenic  and  volcanic 
activity. 

The  Coast  Range  province,  too,  showed  this  same  phenomenon  in  its 
Paleozoic  and  early  IVIesozoic  sediments,  but  from  the  bottom  of  the 
Cretaceous  to  the  middle  of  the  Miocene  conditions  were  more  uniform, 
indicating  moderately  quiet  advance  and  retreat  of  the  sea,  with  minor 
unconformities,  smaller  masses  of  igneous  intrusives,  and  outpourings 
of  surface  lavas.  The  Coast  Range  revolution,  about  the  middle  of  the 
Miocene  epoch,  broke  the  monotony  of  this  history,  and  for  a  time 
there  was  much  mountain-making  activity.  Minor  outpourings  of 
lava  occurred  along  the  coast,  while  farther  to  the  northeast  the  Colum- 
bian lava  flood  overwhelmed  an  area  of  more  than  two  hundred  thou- 
sand square  miles,  and  the  rejuvenation  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  was 
beginning. 


12  STATE   MINING   BUREAU. 

The  Cretaceous  section  of  the  Coast  Ranges  is  more  complete  than 
that  of  any  other  single  province  in  America.  It  lacks  only  the  upper- 
most portion,  and  shows  a  variety  of  conditions  not  seen  anywhere  else, 
from  the  boreal  faunas  of  the  Knoxville  to  the  tropical  faunas  of  the 
Horsetown  and  Chico  epochs,  with  fossil  floras  interbedded  in  every 
formation. 

The  Tertiar}^  marine  section  of  the  Coast  Ranges  is  not  only  the 
most  complete  in  America,  but  also  more  complete  than  that  of  any 
other  single  geographic  region  in  the  world.  Every  minor  division  is 
fully  represented  by  marine  faunas,  and  most  of  them  have  fresh-water 
beds  intercalated,  Avith  fossil  plants  and  freshwater  animals. 

The  Quaternary  marine  section  of  the  Coast  Ranges  is  the  most  com- 
plete that  has  been  described,  for  this  is  almost  the  only  known  region 
where  there  has  been  much  post-Quaternary  orogenic  activity.  In 
nearly  all  other  regions  the  Quaternary  sediments  are  still  buried  under 
the  oceans  in  which  they  were  deposited.  Great  stretches  of  the  State, 
the  Great  Yallej^,  and  the  intermountain  valleys,  are  covered  with 
alluvium,  and  portions  of  the  high  Sierras  and  Klamath  Mountains  are 
covered  with  morainal  material.  Also  extensive  areas  of  the  Mojave 
plateau  are  concealed  by  desert  wash,  making  the  continental  record  of 
the  Pleistocene  very  complete. 

ROCK-FORMING  AGENCIES  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Igneous  Rocks.  A  large  part  of  the  surface  of  the  State,  a  little 
less  than  one-half,  is  made  up  of  crystalline  rocks.  Of  these  the  most 
important  group  consists  of  deep-seated  granitic  rocks,  granites,  grano- 
diorites,  diorites,  and  gabbros,  compounds  of  feldspars  and  ferro-mag- 
nesian  minerals,  such  as  hornblendes,  pyroxenes,  and  mica.  The 
greatest  of  these  batholiths  is  the  great  igneous  mass  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  making  up  the  bulk  of  that  mountain  chain.  Smaller  batho- 
liths of  similar  character  are  in  the  Sierra  Madre,  the  White  Mountain 
Range,  the  Klamath  Mountains,  and  in  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains. 

Associated  with  the  deep-seated  granitic  rocks  in  nearly  all  these 
regions  there  are  numerous  dyke-rocks,  similar  in  chemical  nature  to 
the  parent  masses,  but  showing  only  a  small  surface  area.  In  the 
Colorado  and  Mojave  deserts,  in  the  Santa  Lucia  Range,  and  in  the 
Klamath  Mountains  there  are  large  areas  of  gneisses  and  schists  that 
are  in  part  altered  granitic  rocks,  but  ar#  not  mapped  as  granites 
because  of  the  uncertainty  of  their  origin. 

A  second  group  is  composed  of  basic  intrusives,  chiefly  peridotites, 
now  largely  changed  to  serpentine,  rich  in  olivine  and  other  ferro- 
magnesian  minerals.  These  cover  great  stretches  in  the  Coast  Ranges, 
where  they  are  largely  of  Franciscan  age,  older  than  the  Cretaceous; 
they  also  form  less  extensive  masses  in  the  Sierra  Nevada.     There  are 


\ 


GEOLOGIC   FORMATIONS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  13 

also  broad  areas  of  serpentines  in  the  Klamath  INIountains,  supposed  to 
be  Paleozoic  in  age.  Associated  with  them  are  great  bands  of  basic 
schists  which  may  be  altered  igneous  rocks. 

A  third  group  is  composed  of  lavas,  mostly  andesites  and  basalts, 
surface  flows  from  volcanoes.  These  are  chiefly  of  jMiocene  Tertiary 
age;  and,  together  with  the  less  important  rhyolite  flows,  they  cover 
broad  areas  in  northeastern  California,  and  smaller  patches  in  all  the 
other  mountain  regions  of  the  State.  The  flows  in  northeastern  Cali- 
fornia are  a  part  of  the  Columbian  field,  and  doubtless  came  from 
fissure-eruptions.  The  others  came  from  ordinary  volcanoes,  though  in 
most  cases  the  volcanic  cones  are  long  since  destroyed.  Mt.  Shasta  and 
Lassen  Peak  are  the  two  grandest  volcanoes  of  the  State,  the  southern 
extension  of  the  Cascade  Range,  still  preserving  their  ancient  form  ;  and 
Lassen  Peak  has  recently  resumed  its  old-time  activity. 

Inorganic  Sediments.  The  greater  part  of  the  surface  of  California, 
a  little  more  tlian  half,  is  made  up  of  sediments.  These  are  of  two 
groups,  (1)  inorganic,  and  (2)  organic. 

The  inorganic  sediments  are  far  greater  in  thickness  and  areal  extent, 
sandstones  and  shales,  derived  from  the  decay  of  crystalline  rocks. 
The  quartz  and  undecomposed  feldspars  furnished  the  sand  grains, 
and  the  decomposed  feldspars  furnished  the  clay  for  the  shales.  The 
sandstones  of  California  are  remarka])le  for  the  large  quantitj^  they 
contain  of  undecomposed  fragments  of  minerals  derived  from  the  igne- 
ous rocks,  so  that  they  are  more  often  arkose  and  greywaeke  than  true 
sandstones. 

Thick  beds  of  aluminous  shales,  now  largely  changed  to  slates,  are 
found  in  the  Carboniferous  and  Jurassic  rocks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
and  to  a  less  extent  in  the  Franciscan  formation  of  the  Coast  Eanges. 
The  Auriferous  Slates  also  form  the  surface  rocks  of  considerable  areas 
in  the  Klamath  Mountains. 

Less  altered  shales  are  extensively  developed  in  all  the  later  forma- 
tions of  the  State,  from  the  Lower  Cretaceous  upward,  although  not  on 
such  a  grand  scale  as  in  the  older  periods. 

The  greatest  individual  mass  of  sediments  in  California  is  formed  by 
the  Quaternary  and  Pliocene  fluviatile  deposits  of  the  Great  Valley. 
This  mass  is  about  four  hundred  miles  long  by  fifty  in  width,  and  is 
several  thousand  feet  thick  in  the  middle,  thinning  out  toward  the 
edges,  surpassing  the  enormous  mass  of  Tertiaiy  sediments.  These 
valley  deposits  have  been  bored  to  a  depth  of  three  thousand  feet, 
without  reaching  bedrock,  but  there  are  too  few  deep  borings  for  an 
estimate  of  the  average  thickness  to  be  possible. 

A  second  great  mass  of  clastic  sediments  is  seen  in  the  Tertiary  sand- 
stones of  the  Coast  Ranges,  which  extend  nearly  the  entire  length  of 
the  State,  and  have  a  total  thickness  of  about  fifteen  thousand  feet, 


]4  STATE   MINING    BUREAU. 

although  not  all  of  this  at  any  one  place.  A  remnant  of  this  series  is 
seen  along  the  western  flank  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  the  marine  and 
hraekish-water  Tone  formation,  and  the  upland  equivalent  is  seen  in 
the  Auriferous  Gravels. 

A  third  great  mass  of  sandstones  is  found  in  the  Cretaceous  of  the 
Coast  lianges,  where  a  thickness  of  about  thirty  thousand  feet  was 
deposited.  This  thickness  surpasses  by  far  that  of  the  Tertiary  sand- 
stones, but  the  areal  extent  is  much  less.  These,  too,  overlapped  on 
the  foot  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Smaller  masses  of  sandstone,  now  largely  changed  to  quartzite,  are 
seen  in  the  early  Mesozoic  and  Paleozoic  formations  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  and  Coast  Ranges,  but  nowhere  forming  extensive  surface 
areas. 

On  the  western  flank  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  throughout  the  Gold  Belt, 
there  are,  in  the  late  Paleozoic  and  in  the  Jurassic,  thick  beds  of  tuffs, 
or  volcanic  ash,  now  altered  to  greenstone  schists.  These  in  places 
have  a  thickness  of  several  thousand  feet,  but  do  not  form  considerable 
areas  of  the  surface  rocks.  These  rocks  are  recognizable  as  tuffs  by 
the  fact  that  they  are  bedded,  are  fragmental,  and  contain  fossils  in 
some  places. 

Organic  Sediments.  These  do  not  make  much  of  a  figure  on  the 
areal  map  of  the  State,  but  play  a  large  part  in  its  economic  history. 
They  are  limestones,  siliceous  shales,  and  plant  accumulations  in  the 
form  of  coal  or  lignite. 

The  limestones  are  entirely  of  organic  origin,  with  the  exception  of 
some  smaller  occurrences  of  late  spring  deposits,  or  calcareous  tufa, 
which,  however,  are  large  enough  to  be  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
cement.  The  great  masses  of  limestone  are  confined  to  the  Paleozoic 
and  early  Mesozoic,  though  as  late  as  the  middle  of  the  Jurassic  period 
there  are  some  large  beds  of  limestone.  They  are  formed  of  ground- 
up  shells,  corals,  and  foraminifers,  that  lived  in  quiet,  clear  waters,  but 
are  now  largely  crystalline,  most  of  the  evidence  of  their  organic  origin 
having  l)een  destroyed  in  the  great  mountain-making  revolutions  that 
have  passed  over  them.  The  formation  of  limestone  on  a  large  scale 
in  California  was  confined  to  epochs  that  we  know  from  other  evidence 
were  warm,  and  also  to  epochs  when  sheltered,  clear  seas  covered 
portions  of  the  State.  In  such  seas  corals  and  foraminifers  abounded, 
and  the  evidence  of  their  rock-forming  activity  is  still  visible  in  the 
coral  reefs  of  the  Paleozoic  and  Ti-iassic,  and  the  Fusulina  limestone  of 
the  Carboniferous. 

From  the  middle  of  the  IMcsozoic  up  to  the  Eocene  it  was  still  warm 
enough  at  times  for  reef-building  corals  and  foraminifers  to  have 
flourished  in  the  seas  of  California ;  but  the  warm  epoch  of  the  Middle 
Jurassic  was  a  time  of  igneous  activity,  and  during  the  Cretaceous 


GEOLOGIC   FORMATIONS   OP   CALIFORNIA.  15 

there  was  too  much  sand  and  mnd  poured  into  the  water  for  these 
organisms  to  find  a  favorable  hal)itat. 

Limestones,  at  least  in  part  formed  by  corals,  have  a  thickness  of 
several  thousand  feet  in  the  Cambrian  of  Inyo  County,  but  the  areal 
extent  is  unknown.  The  Devonian  of  Shasta  and  Siskiyou  counties 
shows  coral  reef  rock  to  the  thickness  of  several  hundred  feet,  of  small 
area.  These  are  all  surpassed  in  the  great  masses  of  Carboniferous 
limestone,  of  the  White  IMountains,  the  western  flank  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  and  the  Klamath  ^Mountains,  where  the  lenticular  beds  some- 
times attain  a  thickness  of  two  thousand  feet.  There  are  also  extensive 
and  thick  masses  of  limestone  in  the  Klamath  ^Mountains  of  Siskiyou 
County,  which  are  supposed  to  be  Paleozoic,  but  are  not  known  to 
\  contain  any  fossil  evidence  of  their  age. 

The  Santa  Lucia  limestone,  in  the  Coast  Eanges,  of  doubtful  Paleo- 
zoic age,  also  occurs  in  large  beds,  amounting  to  several  hundred  feet 
in  thickness,  now  changed  to  marble. 

The  Upper  Triassic  of  Shasta  and  Plumas  counties  has  lenses  of 
limestone  in  places  four  or  five  hundred  feet  thick,  forming  important 
topographic  features,  and  largely  formed  by  the  agency  of  corals. 

The  Franciscan  series  of  the  Coast  Ranges  has  similar  limestone 
masses  of  lenticular  form,  amounting  in  places  to  a  few  hundred  feet 
in  thickness,  and  wholly  destitute  of  fossils,  except  a  few  traces  of 
foraminifers. 

The  Cretaceous  lacks  limestone  beds,  except  a  local  accumulation  of 
shell  limestone  in  the  Knoxville  formation  of  Colusa  County,  where  a 
.  thickness  of  only  a  few  feet  is  developed. 

The  Eocene  of  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains  has  some  thin  beds  of 
limestone,  and  the  IMiocene  of  Santa  Barbara,  San  Luis  Obispo,  and 
Orange  counties  has  shell  limestone  amounting  to  as  much  as  fifty 
feet  in  thickness.  With  the  exception  of  these  local  occurrences  there 
are  no  limestone  masses  in  the  marine  beds  of  California  from  the 
middle  of  the  Jurassic  to  the  Quaternary,  the  Jurassic  and  Knoxville 
being  characterized  by  thick  beds  of  shale,  and  the  other  formations, 
from  tlui  Horsetown  up,  by  enormous  beds  of  sandstone. 

Siliceous  Organic  Sediments.  Among  the  most  remarkable  features 
of  the  stratigraphy  of  California  are  the  thick  beds  of  siliceous  organic 
sediments.  In  the  IMonterey  shale  of  the  ^Middle  Tertiary  in  the  Coast 
Ranges  such  sediments  are  extensively  developed,  and  in  places  reach 
a  thickness  of  five  thousand  feet.  These  are  not  shales  in  the  ordinary 
sense,  for  they  are  chiefly  organic  in  origin,  the  reniains  of  the  micro- 
scopic d'atoms  and  radiolaria.  Similar  deposits  are  known  also  in  the 
Eocene  6f  tlie  middle  Coast  Ranges,  but  on  a  smaller  scale.  These 
organic  'siliceous  shales  are  of  great  economic  importance,  for  they 
have  furnished  nearly  all  of  the  petroleum  of  California. 


X 


16  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Similar  masses  of  siliceous  organic  sediments  are  known  in  the  Coast 
Ranges  in  the  Franciscan  formation,  of  the  earlier  Mesozoic;  they  are 
no  longer  shales,  but  hard,  flinty  rocks,  with  the  organic  matter  long 
since  removed,  and  the  fossil  tests  of  radiolaria  almost  entirely 
destroyed,  so  that  the  rocks  now  show  little  resemblance  to  organic 
sediments. 

In  the  Mother  Lode  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  there  are  somewhat 
similar  chert  masses,  in  beds  supposed  to  be  Jurassic  in  age.  These 
too  are  probably  of  radiolarian  origin.  In  the  Middle  Triassic  of 
Shasta  County  a  series  of  siliceous  shales  almost  without  sand  grains, 
several  hundred  feet  thick,  likewise  was  probably  formed  partly  from 
the  shells  of  siliceous  organisms. 

The  Lower  Carboniferous  and  the  Devonian  of  Shasta  and  Siskiyou 
counties  also  contain  many  hundreds  of  feet  of  fine-grained  so-called 
siliceous  shales  that  are  probably,  at  least  in  part,  metamorphosed 
organic  sediments.  Shells  of  diatoms  and  radiolaria  are  extremely  rare 
in  all  these  older  beds,  but  organic  silicia  is  very  soluble,  and  even  a 
slight  degree  of  metamorphism  destroys  the  delicate  tests,  and  thus 
obliterates  the  evidence  of  their  origin. 

Coal  Deposits.  During  the  Eocene  epoch  plant  remains  accumu- 
lated to  a  considerable  extent  in  the  swamps  of  the  old  embayment  of 
California,  especially  along  the  western  flank  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  near 
lone,  in  the  Siskiyou  erabajaiient,  the  Coast  Range  island  area  of  the 
Mt.  Diablo  region,  and  in  the  middle  Coast  Ranges  of  San  Benito  and 
Fresno  counties.  These  leaf  beds  have  since  been  compacted  into 
lignite,  and  in  a  few  places  into  true  coal. 

Chemical  Deposits.  In  Kern,  San  Bernardino,  San  Diego  and  Inyo 
counties  there  are  extensive  chemical  precipitates  of  salt,  soda,  borax, 
and  gypsum,  concentrates  from  the  old  lakes  and  salt  pans  of  the  arid 
region,  from  Tertiary  up  to  the  present.  The  areal  extent  is  not  large, 
but  they  are  scattered  over  enormous  stretches  of  country,  and  are  of 
great  present  or  prospective  economic  importance. 


war\ 
h^\ 


^, 


•}- 


:   I.     GEOLOGIC    COLUMN    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


P«-        li                                                                         Pulraolc 
CnbrHii 

„e»»lc 

j 

CombrlaD 

rtcUo 

SUurt..         D„,=U„ 

C..O„«e.. 

™.„i. 

,ura.l. 

Cretaceous 

— 

Quar 

emary 

^ 

Lower 

Upper  1 

UUdle 

MlBSlSSlppiBB 

Coal  Measurea          Permian 

Middle 

Upper 

Lower 

Middle 

Upper 

.o.er 

Upper 

Eoeene                 O*"" 

„.„„. 

Pliocene 

P,e.,oe.ne 

H 

NUnn  1' 

.laa 

0=U,e 

merldse 

PorUand 

'        Neocomlan 

Gault 

CenomAalaii 

Midway 

Claiborne 

Upper 

' 

jr 

GrtJllU             ^^So 

BniK- 
don 

MeCloud 

Inyo 

Pl^a, 

.url,ero„Sl..e3 

j            Cbleo 

1                       1 

:         ■■!! 

jOniw- 
Peak 

,««°^  I 

In,,        McClDud 

K.... 

Wlldwood 

Meekoceras 
beds 

Parapo- 

Pit 

Hcelk. 

Broek    ; 

Hardgrave 

Mariposa 

KnoxTlUe             Horsetown 

Martinez 

lejon 

Aslorlan 

V&Queios 

Monterey 

Margarita 

Uieno 

BaC 

to 

C 

,2og 

|sl 
Til 

i 

'! 

o 

is 

pg    1 
3 

o 
S 

1 

e1  !> 

III 

5-3" 

ill 

Jig 

0 

III 
|li 

III 

II 

til 

"a 

3-s. 

^« 
>=ll 

ll 

II 
?§ 

If 
ll 

ll 

n 

Sis 

U 

3<g 

ill 
1° 

51 
ll 

1 

1 

IS 
g 
1 

5" 
0 

11° 
III 

Q 
ll 

1 

ll 

1 

d 

8 

it 
■?- 

1 
1 

i 

1 

ll 

0 

3| 
81 

.5* 

Tuffs    and    shales    ot   the    Gold    Belt 
with  PerxsvhvnctES  colfaxi. 

Mariposa  slates  of  the  Gold  Belt  with 
Aucella  erringtoni  and  Cardioceran 
alternans. 

E- 

If 

1 

Horsetown  shales  of  Sacramento  Val- 
ley    with     Desmoceras     hoffmani 
Phylloceras  onoenae,  Lytoceraa 
batesi. 

Ii 

a 

1 

Ii 

III 

ll 

bI 

ijij 

i 

San 
Lo- 

03 

1 

Sejidstones  of   Monterey  and  Son  Luis 
Obispo  counties,  with  Turritella  me- 
zana,  Mytilua  mathewaoni  and  Pec- 
ten magnolia. 

Briones  formation  of  Alameda  County 
with   Scutella   breweriana. 

Monterey  sbales  and  Temblor  sand- 
stones, with  Pecten  discxis.  P.  peck- 
hmui.  TurriteUa  ocoyana  ami  Firus 

Sandstones    of    Salinas    Valley.    San 
Pablo  Bay  and  the  Coalinga  region, 
with    Pecten   pabloenais   P.    estrel- 
lanua,  Oatrea  titan  and  Tamiosoma 
grcgaria. 

Merced 
Purisima 

"ol 

|>§ 

•~|o 

!f 

a? 
§« 

ll 

If 

0 
I 

0 

i 

i 
1 
g 

'  i 
s 

3 
3 

II 
a* 
ss 

1 

3 
1 

s 

Sandstones  of  San   Diego   and 
Half  Moon  Bay.  with  Pecten 
healeyi    and    Scutella    intcr- 
llneata. 

1 

!          1 

OroviUe 

flora         Oregon 
flora 

Shasta  flora 

Chico  flora 

Auriferous  Gravels 

1     Paso  Robles 

Monte  de  Oro  slates  of 
Orovllle,     with    lower 
Oolite     flora,     associ- 
ated with  marine  Ju- 
rassic forms. 

3 

1 
1 

0      =r- 

i  1 
1  i 

3- 

lone  formation 

k 

-f 

Is 

3 

9 

1 

4lf 

1 

0  ■ 

t|s, 

t       E    1 

TABLE     II.     GEOLOGIC    RECORD     OF    THE    GREAT    BASIN    SEA    IN     CALIFORNIA. 


s  3 

3   = 
O 


a 

OS 

•E 

s 

m 

5 
iz; 

V  c 

o-^l 

m 

■o  — 
o 

05 

s 

a  r 

o 

Oa 

- 

Lahontan  lake  beds. 
Esmeralda  lake  beds. 


Miocene,  Truckee,  lake  beds. 


Cordilleran   revolution,   uplift  and   metamorphism  of   Sierra  Nevada  and 
obliteration  of  the  Great  Basin  Sea. 


Hinchman  tuff  and  sandstone  of  Plumas  County,  with  Kelloway  fauna, 
and  reef-building  corals. 


Mormon  sandstone  and  Thompson  limestone  of  Plumas  County  with  lower 
Oolite  fauna. 


Hardgrave  sandstone  of  Plumas  County,  with  Upper  Liassic  fauna. 


Arietites    limestones    of    Inyo    County,    California,    and    West   Humboldt 
Range,  Nevada. 


Pseudomonotis  shales  of  Shasta  and  Plumas  counties. 


Hosselkus  limestone  of  Shasta  County,  with  coral  reefs.     Tropites  sub- 
bullatus  fauna. 


Pit   shales  of   Shasta.     Star   Peak   limestone   of  West   Humboldt   Range, 
Nevada. 


Black  limestone  of  Inyo  Range,  with  Middle  Triassic  fauna 


Gray  limestone  of  Inyo  Range,  with  Meekoceraa  fauna. 


Nosoni   tuffs  and   shales  of   Shasta  County,   with   fauna  transitional   to 
Permian. 


McCloud  limestone   of   Shasta  County,   with   Coal   Measures   fauna,    and 
coral  reefs. 


Baird  shales  of  Shasta  with  Asiatic  Subcarboniferous  fauna. 


Bragdon  shales  of  Trinity  County,  without  definite  fauna. 


Kennett  limestones  of  Shasta  County,  with  coral  reefs,  Favosites,  Diphy- 

phyllum,  etc. 


Montgomery  limestone  of  Plumas  County,  with  reef-building  corals. 


Quartzites  of  Inyo  County. 


Olenellus  limestone  of  Inyo  County,  with  reefs  of  Archaeocyathus. 


Pre-Cambrian  schists  of  In5'o  County,  and  Mojave  Desert. 


"^ 


TABLE     II. 

GEOLOGIC    RECORD    OF    THE    GREAT    BASIN    SEA    IN    CALIFORNIA. 

s 

Lahontan  lake  beds. 
Esmeralda  lake  beds. 

Miocene,  Truckee,  lake  beds. 

3 

Cordilleran  revolution,  uplift  and  metamorphism  of  Sierra  Nevada  and 
obliteration  of  the  Great  Basin  Sea. 

2 

Hinchman  tuff  and  sandstone  of  Plumas  County,  with  Kelloway  fauna, 
and  reef-building  corals. 

Mormon  sandstone  and  Thompson  limestone  of  Plumas  County  with  lower 
Oolite  fauna. 

>3 

Hardgrave  sandstone  of  Plumas  County,  with  Upper  Liassic  fauna. 

1 

Arietites  limestones  of  Inyo  County,  California,  and  West  Humboldt 
Range,  Nevada. 

S 

H 

P 

Pseudomonotis  shales  of  Shasta  and  Plumas  counties.                                       * 

Hosselkus  limestone  of  Shasta  County,  with  coral  reefs.  Tropites  sub- 
bullatus  fauna. 

1 
3 

Pit  shales  of  Shasta.  Star  Peak  limestone  of  West  Humboldt  Range, 
Nevada. 

i 

Black  limestone  of  Inyo  Range,  with  Middle  Triassic  fauna 

1 

o 

1-) 

Gray  limestone  of  Inyo  Range,  with  Meekoceras  fauna. 

Carboniferous 

Middle      Upper 

i 

Nosoni  tuffs  and  shales  of  Shasta  County,  with  fauna  transitional  to 
Permian. 

McCloud  limestone  of  Shasta  County,  with  Coal  Measures  fauna,  and 
coral  reefs. 

3 

Baird  shales  of  Shasta  with  Asiatic  Subcarboniferous  fauna. 

o 

Bragdon  shales  of  Trinity  County,  without  definite  fauna. 

- 

•c 

3 
3 
CO 

"i  S 

o 

1 

Niagara '  Middle 

1 

Kennett  limestones  of  Shasta  County,  with  coral  reefs,  Favosites,  Diphy- 
phyllum,  etc. 

t^ 

Montgomery  limestone  of  Plumas  County,  with  reef-building  corals. 

Pogo- 
nlp& 
Kureka 

Quartzites  of  Inyo  County. 

il 

>2 

Olenellus  limestone  of  Inyo  County,  with  reefs  of  Archaeocyathus. 

§1 

Pre-Cambrian  schists  of  Inyo  County,  and  Mojave  Desert. 

X 


F.„„.,Z„,. 

San  Diego 

Los  Aneelti                        j                             Venluia 

~ 

Ketii                                                                Coalliiea                               '                         San  Luis  Oblsuo                                                  Salln.-is  Vnlley 

S.n,.C,u. 

MouDt  DUblo  ReetoD 

1 

1 

i 

Zone  of  Pcc(en  ftelliM. 

Pacific  Beach  beds. 

1 

1 

1 

Upper     Fernando     Dead- 
man    Island    beds    with 
Pecten   caurUtus. 

1 

1 
£ 

1 

1 
1 

i 
1 

Upper  Fernando  with 
Pecten  hellua. 

J 

Lake    beds  with    Pliocene 
fauna  with  some  brack- 
ish-water beds. 

f- 

Type      section      of      Pasol 
Robles.    supposed   to   be|     S 
of  fresh-water  origin.     !    -g 

Gravels  like  those  of  the 
type  section. 

a 

1 

i 

s 

Middle      Fernando      with 
Pecten  hemphHU. 

Lower  Fernando  with 
Pecten  heaJeyi. 

Fresh-water  Pliocene  and 
t,    \     Miocene   of  the  Berke~ 

1 

1 

Zone    of    Pecten     healej/t 
and    Bcutella    interline- 
ata. 

f 

Sandstones      with 
Pecten        liealeyt 
and    Ftcus    nodi- 
lerus. 

Lower     Fernando     with 
Pecten   heaJevi  and  Fi- 
cna  nodifenta. 

FYigler's  Point  beds  with 
Merced  fauna. 

11 

Beds   with  Pecten   wattai 
and  P.  coalingaenaia. 

1 

Sandstones    with    ScutelJa 
gib  b  s  i    and    Pecte»i 
wattsi. 

1 

1 

Marine  beds  of  Lake  Mer- 
ced and  Half  Moon  Bay 
with  Pecten  healeyi. 

1          ley  Hills. 

1 

1 

^1 

Sandstones      with 
Pecten  carrizoen- 
Bis    and    P.    cer- 

= 

Zone  ot  Pecten  eatrellanua 
and    Trophon    oariaaen- 

Zone    of    Tamiosoma    and 
Oefreo   titan. 

1 

Jacalitos  beds  with   Fee- 
ten  oweni. 

Doubtfully      referred      t  o 
this  horizon.     It  may  be     | 
the     equivalent    of    the,     « 
Santa  Margarita.              ■     ? 

Type     section     of     Santa 
Margarita    with    Oatrea 
titan,    Tamioaoma    gre- 

1 

Sandstones  with  Oatrea 
titan  and  Aatrodapaia 
antiaelli. 

\ 

Type     section    on     San 
Pablo  Bay  with  Pecten 
patloenaia    and     .<i«tro- 
dapsis    tumidua. 

1 

Beds      with       Tamioaoma 
gregaria,    Ostrea    titan, 
and  Pecten  eatrellanua. 

1  i 

Typical    sandstones    with      ^ 
Oatrea  titan,  Tamiosoma     = 
gregaria      and      Pecten'    -jn 
eatrellanua. 

garia    and    Pecten    e»-i    ^ 
trellanxis.                                | 

Zone  of  Pecten  discus. 

Zone     of     Agasoma     and 
Pecten  andersoni. 

Pecten  diacua  beds. 

Pecten  diacua  beds.               

Pecten  discus  beds. 

Dlatomace- 
ous  shales 
resembling 

the 
Monterey 

Sandstones 
with  fauna 
like  that  of 
the  Ocoya 
formation 

1 
1 

Flinty  shales  resembling 
the  Monterey. 

1 

1 

Bitu- 

mln- 

f   Barker's     ranch 
S        b  e  d  s    w  i  t  h 
■g  1      Agaaoma  har- 
£        kerianum,   Fi- 
"        cua   kernianus 
£       and      Pecten 

1      Doubtfully 
referred 
to  the 

Type       section 
of    Temblor 
with  fauna 
like   that   of 
the  Ocoya 
Creek   form- 

S 

S 

S 

5 

Diatomaceous  shales  re- 
sembling the  Monterey. 

1 

Diatomaceous       shales,      & 
like  the  typical  Monte-      g 
rey.       and       sandstones      a 
with  Turritella  ocoiiana     g 
and     Mytilus     mathew- 

Typical  section  of  Monte-     | 
rey  shale.                               ^ 

Bituminous  diatomaceous 
shale,  and  sandstones 
with  Turritella  ocovana 
and  Pecten  andersoni. 

Monterey     sUale     and 
sandstones        with 
Agaaoma    and    Tur- 
ritella ocoyana. 

Zone  of  Pecten  maonoUa 
and   Turritclla  (ncjeona. 

shalesJs  1     ondersoni. 

1 

Sandstones     with     Turrt- 
tetla  inesana. 

1 

Sandstones  with  Turri- 
tella  inezatia  and  Jtf.u- 
tilua  mathewaoni. 

1 

Sandstones  with  Turri- 
tclla inezana  and  Pec- 
ten  viagnolia. 

! 

i 

Massive    sandstones    with 
Turritella  inezana,  Pec-I    g 
ten    magnolia   and    My-      § 
tiltia  mathewaoni.                  g 

1    '- 

Type  section  of  Vaqueros,      „ 
massive    sandstones    of      S 
the  Banta  Lucia  Moun-     § 
tains,     with     Turritella     t 
inezana.                                  > 

Sandstones  with  Tiirritel- 
la   inezana. 

X 


Coast  Ranges. 

SnatRA  Nevada. 

t 

Terrace. 

Terrace  gravels. 

1  1 

San  Pedro  sandstones. 

1 

s 

Cafion  cutting  epoch. 

Glacial  beds. 

J 

s 

Santa  Barbara  sandstones. 

San    Diego,    Merced    and    Fu- 
rislma  sandstones. 

Santa   Clara   and   Tulare   lake 
beds. 

s 

Santa     Margarita      and      San 
Pablo    sandstones. 

Lake  beds  of  Tesla.  with  Up- 
per Miocene  leaves. 

s 
s 

f 

Mohawk  lake  beds. 
Post-volcanic      gravels,      with 
Upper   Miocene   leaves. 

Coast  Range  revolution. 

Chief  volcanic  period. 

Briones   sandstones. 
Monterey    shale    and    Temblor 
sandstones. 

Ocoya  Creek  sandstones,  with 
marine  fossils 

Vaqueros  sandstones 

ii 

San    Lorenzo    sandstones    and 
shales. 

1 

1 

Tejon  sandstones. 

Lake   beds   of   Corral    Hollow, 
with  Eocene  plants. 

Coat  beds  of  lone.  Marine 
sandstones  of  Merced  Falls. 

Martinez  sandstones.                    | 

Wanting. 

i 

i 

1 

Chico  sandstones.                             ^  g 

Plant   beds   In    northern    Cali- 
fornia, associated  with  ChIco 
marine  species. 

1 

Chico  sandstones  of  Butte 
County,  with  marine  fossils. 

i 

V 

1 

Horsetown       sandstones      and 
shales  of  Shasta  and  Tehama 
counties. 

|.| 

Plant   beds   of   northern    Call-j 
fornia  and   southern   Oregon 
associated     with     Knoxvillei 
and      Horsetown     marine! 
species.                                            1' 

Erosion  period.     Record  want- 

Knoxville     shales     and      con- 
glomerates. 

|l 

Plant   beds   of   northern    Cali- 
fornia and  southern  Oregon, 
supposed   to   be    of   Jurassic 
age. 

ing. 

1 

j    Cordllleran   revolution. 

Cordilleran   revolution. 

1    Cherts,  limestones,  shales,  and 
B      1        schists  without   definite  fos- 
^       1         sils  and  with  great  intrusions 

S 

Colfax  shales  and  altered  tuffs, 
and  igneous  rocks.  Marine 
record  almost  destroyed. 

1 

pre-Cretaceous,    and    in    part               1 

11 

Mariposa  shales,  with  marine 
fossils  of  Upper  Jurassic 
age. 

i 
1 

Wanting? 

Sailor  Canon  shales. 
Genessee  Valley  limestone  and 
shales. 

1 

Wildwood     beds     of      Trinity 
County  with  Permian  fauna. 

11 

illi 

Limestones  and  quartzites  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  with  Car- 
boniferous  fossils. 

^      Santa     Lucia  Paleozoic  meta- 
2      j     limestonei    morphias       o  f 
a       1     gneisses     and  i     Siskiyou 
*"      1     granites,  1    County, 
without    defl- 

1     nite  fossils. 

i                              1 

|l 

Taylorsville  formation  of 
Plumas  County. 

1 

i 

t 

■c 

Montgomery  limestone  of  Plu- 
mas County  with  Niagara 
fauna. 

i| 

Gneisses  and  schists  of  Siski- 
you and  Trinity  counties. 

! 

Older  gneisses  of  Sierra  Nevada 
and  Inyo  County. 

X.. 


MEDirERBANEAN    RbGION. 

GEOGRAPHIC     RELATIONS     OF     WEST 

Oriental    Region. 

Boreal    Recion. 

West   American   Region. 

1  1 

Marine  fauna  of  Japan. 

Marine  fauna  of  California. 

s 

1 

\A  arm  water  marine  fauna  of 
California. 

& 

Cold     water    marine    fauna    of 
Japan. 

Cold  water  marine  fauna  of 
California. 

i 

Cold  water  marine  fauna. 

Cold    water    marine    fauna    of 
Japan. 

Cold  water  marine  fauna  of 
California. 

-.. 

^ 

1 

Venerxcardia  planicosta   Zone. 

Venericardia  pJanicosta  Zone. 

\ 

1 

SchloenMchia  fauna  of  Europe. 

Schloenbachia    fauna    of   Japan, 
South  India  and  East  Africa. 

Queen  Charlotte  Islands. 

Schloenbachia  fauna  of  Cali- 
fornia. 

^ 

1 

Aucella  fauna  of  North  Europe. 
North  Asia  and  Alaslta. 

Aucella  fauna  of  the  KnoxvUle 
Strata  in   California. 

1  \  i 

Cardioceras   fauna   with   Aucella 
in  Russia. 

Cardioceraa  fauna  with  Aucella 
in  California. 

Mediterranean  type  in  India. 

Cadoceras  fauna  of  Alaska  and 
the  Boreal  region. 

Mediterranean  type  In  Cali- 
fornia. 

1 

-IriXifcs   fauna. 

.Irietites    fauna     in     tlie     Indian 
Ocean. 

ArietitPS  fauna   of  Alaska. 

Arietites  fauna  in  California 
and    Nevada. 

-2 

1 

Pseudomonotis  ochotica  fauna  in 
Japan. 

Paetidomonotia     ochotica     fauna. 

Alasica  and  North  Siberia. 
Dtiwsonites   fauna   of   the  Arctic 

Ocean. 

Pseudomonotis  ochotica  fauna  in 
California  and  Nevada. 

Tropites  aubbullatus  fauna. 

Tropites     aiiibullatua     fauna     in 
India. 

Tropitea  subbullatus  fauna  in 
California. 

Ceratites  trinottoaus  fauna. 

Ceratites    trinodoaus   fauna. 

Ceratitea  fauna   of   Spitzbergen. 

Ceratitea  trinodoaua  fauna  In 
Nevada. 

Beprichites  fauna.    Gulf  of  Ismld. 

Parapopanoceras  fauna  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

Columbites  fauna.  Albania. 

ffedenatroemia  fauna  of  India. 

Oleiikites  fauna  of  North  Siberia. 

Columbitea  fauna  In  Idaho. 

Tirolitea  ca3sianua  fauna. 

Tirolitea  fauna  In  Idaho. 

Meekoceraa  fauna  of  India. 

Meekoceraa    fauna    of    Spltzber- 
gen. 

Meekoceraa  fauna  In  California 
and  Idaho. 

II 

Atlantic  type. 

Asiatic  type  in  India,  Japan  and 
Cliina. 

Asiatic     type     in     Alaska     and 
Siberia. 

Asiatic   type    in    California. 

GEOLOGIC    FORMATIONS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


17 


o  >- 


o  ^ 


S<u 
S  fci  o 

fe  ="  I 


be  ta 


13 


O) 


<u  c 

01   cd 

W    03    c 

^*  ^ 

4)    C   ^ 

S  2  >> 
a)  XI  pq 

■M    3 

ej  m  « 
O  „£ 

^^  § 

O  O 

^    to    CB 


•a  w  o 

4^    CQ 


^    O 


cd 

oi   G 


5  -C 


<0 


bo  01 

C  .cd 
5  > 


■a 


<i-i  -d  ft 

"  o 

"1  ^^  ^5 

0)  2  «! 


c  cq  C  5  5 


oj    cd 
C  TO 


2  <^ 

O  to 

C  — 

■Jl  eij 

3  -C 


S  CI  2 

P    cU 

2  5  •« 

-I-)    0)  A 
CO    -l-i 

<U    cS  0) 

•d  ja 

2  c  rt 

^  "  2 

■d  p, 


c  5 


« 


d)  ^ 

S  ®  S  5 

t-  x:  p,  •>-' 

2  ^  p  o 

hn         OJ  to 

£    >.53  o 

SI*    „t  "i 

o  «  d  oj 


5  iS  S  rt 

'    o  S   rf   « 

.  -:  M  c  ■" 

rt        ci 

P>         !^  ■« 

hniJ 

.  d 

C  qj    > 

3   d   <u   sT       1 

•s   >  - 

1    0) 

1    "i*  C  f=-   d 

T;  1 .« .2 

.S    o   d   g 

=         OJffl 

«  -o  <„ 

■o  §£  i 

m 

o    m  . 

3       .      . 

?;  J* 

'  H  g  S  d  d 

SfiM  f>  > 

(U 

0) 

1     '^ 

C 

^ 

u 
d 

B 

S 

f^ 

<D 

*J 

(U 

d 

-y 

^d 

d 

^  d 

E^ 

,^ 

h  d 

•o  d 

^ 

O 

res- 
ast. 

%    i 

^    2 

a   o 

1       G 

C)      O 

■o    , 

2    c 

aj 

M       dj 

sz 

^ 

°    ^ 

-O      *^ 

S       >- 

rH            C 

S    a* 

t,          2 

<a     ^ 

o    d 

"    o 

d    *^ 

m 

u  .2 

dfto 

0)  o  ™ 
*^5.3 


^  d 

'^^  o 

.  C-C; 
d 


.^  d    . 

O  O  0) 

Em   (D"^ 

■"  to 


eg 
-^oid 

CO        _, 


d  ff, 


G    ® 


C  «  ^  O 
"3  d  o  ft 
S  t>  c  <u 


•?,  g 


13  i« 
o 

d 
g 

^   IS 

<"  d 

^ 

•SO 

■^ 

2  b 

d 

10 

bl) 

.  to 


4J     (0 

to 

0)    ID 


2.  ^ 


♦J  ~-.  o 
d    o  73 

«   d 

So  * 

a>  ®  d 
w  .C   t> 

2   c   t^ 

£  £  "o 

"E  •"  d 
d  fe  > 
Egg 

C   aj   g 
G    u 

d  a) 

o  vx 
•o  n 
o  c  « 

•r"    H    CI 


'''^^  So 

-d   o  <)  " 

O  4-1      CO  . 

■X   m  (m   t^  to 

i^    O  CO  ft  o  O 

fn  «  d         ctf  '= 

d  O  C  Tl  d 


O  13 

^  a> 
d  bo 

"d  aj 
o  g 

w  p 

c  " 

a)  4) 

a  *     . 

•4->     ■«->     4-> 

a> 

'^   |§ 

*J    o  M 

1^   "° 

^  ."£ 

2    .  ft 
t^  ^-d 

o 

C   d 


—  aj 

E-3 


c  o 

o  •- 

m 

(O  ■•-> 

Jh  d 

ft  a 

a}  ^ 

-d  bo 


uiEidiuBqa 


IBIDBIO 
-3J<I 


aqj  JO  jsaj  am  n" 
UEH1  aaauox  iiqiiqoj^i 


1U333}! 


iiBUjajsno 


2-26729 


^v 


GEOLOGIC    FORMATIONS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


17 


"^  -  ^ 

■S  c  ft 


<»  c  " 

■a  o  ® 

>>  C  "S 

_   Qj  d 

S  ^  ,*- 

01    d  c 

>>•=  rt 

W  a,  w 

t-   o  ^ 

J  c  o 

>   <u  " 

(P  ^  CQ 

aj  (0  « 
C5  „£ 

c  S  -a 

,S  E-i  c 


C  U  C 
O  +j  D 
•S    W    O 


_  o 


0)    >i  I 

c 

d 
CG 


i   d  bo 


■".-""  'O    S* 


"E   d 

o 

«J  c 
s  o 


-  -M    -w     T7 


"      /l^      ^ 

o   2   d 


■l| 


m   C   a;  d 
<D    d   p   sj 


o  .^  id 


<u 


be  £ 


-o 

o 

c 
d 

^ 

c 

o. 

<U 

d 

t^ 

§£^ 

o  t^  >. 
■o  3 

2  S  d 

^  »=  2 


S  c  2 

o  d^ 
O  m  p- 

^^  -5 


aj  ^ 


3  o 

ti)  "^   <B  m 

o  £5  d  (1) 

<l-l    >     O  -I-) 


a  i2  >:  d 

T    e   d   I' 

^    03    t-    *^ 


d 


B  *i  >> 

3   d  0)  sT 

■o  Tl  S  !? 

«  C  t>  d 

^    t-  S 

r.  S  d  o 

bn  5  s  •? 

.S   o  d  g 

"S  d£  d 


bOOJ  t>  > 


i-O 


CS1 


^|£ 

OJ     ^  o 

-^»d 
'    "J  C  o         , 

d  dO  y^M 


OQ  d 

^d    . 
o  o  <u 


d  ^ 


till  VI 


o  2  o 


S  o  o 


o 

« 

B 

B 

c3 

^ 

E 

e 

(4 

d 

•y 

^d 

^  d 

E^ 

5 

b  d 

-a  rt 

d  <w 

n  ■" 

^ 

U 

§    ^ 

c  «  ^  o 

"3  d  o  a 

S  5  * 

VI  (U  ^  d 

n  -^  "O  ^ 


TT   VI      ■"    J 


2    e  =« 

■S  —  d 

d   fe  > 

^   '^  © 

»  15 


S  «s 


I'  iB 

2  ^ 
■So 


O  b 

o  « 

eo  o 

3  "^ 

O  73 

.£)  0) 

d  bo 

_^  fci 

o  a 

"o  S 

■>->  .Q 

<Q  3 


a   o     1 


®  ^  o 


d  4)        *^  ■"  -tr! 


s^  m  -a  a  nj 

S  .2  S  2  o 

■sS  sis  o 

VI  *^  a  c  *-' 

*:'  "  S  VI  to 


^5 

O    M 


Ph  is 

d 


o  oj  a  "o  o 


d  t; 
.  a 
>  -a 


^^ 


bo  — 
3  d 


Si    to 

—•  <u 


C    O 

'S  |i| 

03 

u   d 
a  o 

■a  60 


o  :3 

"u    d 

CM  £ 


njEidtoBiio 


P'^S  !  iS^'fi 


aqi  JO  -jsaj  aqi  n« 

ucq}  JOSuoi   jJiquqojj 

•qood3  uBJaajs 


2-26729 


^iBoiagcnb 


y 


18  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

SOURCES  OF  DATA  FOR  THE  GEOLOGIC  MAP. 

The  geologic  formations  of  California  are  much  more  numerous  than 
those  shown  on  the  map.  Some  of  the  formations  that  have  been 
named  are  of  doubtful  value;  some  are  differentiated  only  locally; 
others  are  merely  synonyms  of  formations  better  known  by  other 
names. 

No  subdivision  is  attempted  of  the  pre-Cambrian  metamorphics, 
although  these  probably  include  several  formations.  The  Ordovician 
and  Silurian  are  joined,  for  want  of  data  for  separation.  The  Cnr- 
])oniferous  is  not  subdivided,  although  the  section  is  very  complete,  and 
the  Bragdon,  Baird,  McCloud,  Nosoni  and  Wildwood  formations  are 
units  of  real  value.  But  throughout  the  Gold  Belt,  the  greatest  area 
of  Carboniferous  rocks  in  the  State,  data  for  subdivision  of  the  Cala- 
veras formation  are  wanting. 

The  Triassic  zones  are  capable  of  discrimination  by  paleontology,  but 
they  are  too  small  to  be  mapped  on  a  twelve-mile  scale. 

In  the  Jurassic,  the  folios  of  the  U.  S.  Grcological  Survey  distinguish 
not  only  a  large  number  of  sedimentary  formations,  but  also  numerous 
metamorphic  and  igneous  rocks.  These  subdivisions  become  too  con- 
fusing when  reduced  to  the  twelve-mile  scale,  which  is  true  also  of  the 
subdivisions  of  the  Franciscan  formation  in  the  Coast  Ranges. 

For  the  Cretaceous  only  two  subordinate  units  are  practicable,  and 
for  a  portion  of  the  State  even  this  segregation  can  not  be  carried  out. 

Under  the  Tertiary,  the  Martinez  and  Tejon  are  merged  in  the 
Eocene;  the  Auriferous  Gravels  are  given  separately,  although  they 
are,  at  least  in  part,  Eocene.  Some  lake  beds  and  other  continental 
deposits  are  put  down  under  Tertiary  undifferentiated. 

The  Vaqueros,  Monterey,  Santa  Margarita,  San  Pablo  and  Jacalitos 
formations  are  merged  under  the  Miocene,  including  also  the  San 
Lorenzo  Oligocene  beds,  not  separable  on  this  scale. 

The  Merced,  Purisima,  San  Diego,  Fernando,  and  Etchegoin  marine 
formations  are  merged  under  Pliocene,  with  which  are  united  also  the 
Tulare,  Santa  Clara  and  Paso  Robles  fresh-water  beds. 

The  Quaternary  includes  alluvium,  delta  material,  lake  beds,  glacial 
deposits,  where  differentiated,  and  a  narrow  fringe  of  marine  beds 
along  the  coast. 

The  following  are  Ihe  chief  sources  of  data  for  the  geologic  map  of 
California,  given  by  regions.  It  should  be  understood  that  reports 
covering  the  entire  State,  such  as  the  Geological  Survey  of  California 
by  J.  D.  Whitney;  the  Pacific  Railroad  Reports  by  W.  P.  Blake,  Thomas 
Antisell,  J.  S.  Newberry,  and  T.  A.  Conrad;  the  Stratigraphy  oC 
North  America  by  Bailey  Willis,  Professional  Paper  No.  71,  U.  S.  Geo- 
logical Survey,  are  not  cited  under  the  various  subdivisions,  although 


GEOLOGIC    FORMATIONS   OK    CALIFORNIA.  19 

of  course  they  were  used.     It  would  be  needless  repetition   to  i)lace 
these  citations  under  the  various  headings. 

SIERRA  NEVADA. 

Northern  End  of  the  Range.  J.  S.  Diller,  Geology  of  the  Lassen 
Peak  District.  8th  Annual  Report,  V.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Part  T, 
l>p.  395-432;  Lassen  Peak  Folio,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey;  The  Geology 
of  the  Taylorville  Region,  Bull.  353,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

Gold  Belt.  The  folios  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey;  \V.  Lind- 
greu,  Colfax,  Truckee,  Sacramento,  Placerville,  Pyramid  Peak ;  W. 
Lindgren  and  H.  W.  Turner,  Smartsville,  Marysville;  H.  W.  Turner, 
Bidwell  Bar,  Downieville,  Jackson ;  H.  W.  Turner  and  F.  L.  Ransome, 
Big  Trees,  Sonora ;  F.  L.  Ransome,  Mother  Lode ;  II.  W.  Fairbanks, 
Geology  of  the  Mother  Lode  Region,  Report  X  of  the  State  Mineralo- 
gist, pp.  23-90;  H.  W.  Turner,  The  rocks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  14th 
Annual  Report,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Part  II,  pp.  441-495. 
Further  contributions  to  the  geology  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  17th  Annual 
Report,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Part  I,  pp.  521-762.  Waldemar 
Lindgren,  The  gold  quartz  veins  of  the  Nevada  City  and  Grass  Valley 
districts,  California,  17th  Annual  Report,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey, 
Part  2,  pp.  1-262.  The  Auriferous  Gravels  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
P.P.  73,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  J.  S.  Diller,  Tertiary  revolution  in 
the  topography  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  14th  Annual  Report,  U.  S.  Geo- 
logical Survey,  part  2.  pp.  403-483. 

Southern  End  of  Sierra  Nevada.  A.  C.  Lawson,  the  Geomorphog- 
eny  of  the  upper  Kern  basin.  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.,  University  of  Cali- 
fornia, Vol.  3,  No.  15,  pp.  291-376.  A.  Knopf  and  P.  Theleu,  Sketch 
of  the  geology  of  ^Mineral  King,  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.,  University  of  Cali- 
fornia, Vol.  4,  No.  12,  pp.  227-262.  H.  R.  Johnson,  The  geology  and 
water  resources  of  Antekjpc  Valley,  Water  Supply  Paper  No.  278, 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

East  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  AV.  T.  Lee,  Geology  and  water 
resources  Owens  Valley,  Water  Supply  and  Irrigation  Paper  No.  181, 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  I.  C.  Russell,  The  Quaternary  history  of 
Mono  Valley,  California,  8th  Annual  Report,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey, 
Part  I,  pp.  269-394.  A  Knopf,  ]Minej-al  resources  of  the  Inyo  and 
White  mountains,  California,  Bull.  540,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey, 
]>p.  81-120.  S.  II.  Ball,  A  geological  reconnaissance  in  southwestern 
Nevada  and  eastern  California,  Bull.  308,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 
Various  minor  papers  by  II.  W.  Fairbanks,  C.  D.  Walcott,  G.  K.  Gil- 
bert; Personal  communications  by  H.  W.  Turner,  A.  M.  Strong. 
Unpublished  (Geological  Map  of  Inyo  County  ])y  C.  A.  Waring,  Cali- 
fornia State  Mining  Bureau,  1917. 


20  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

MOJAVE  DESERT. 

J,  E.  Spun-,  Geology  of  Nevada  south  of  tlie  Fortieth  Parallel  and 
adjacent  parts  of  California,  Bull.  208,  V.  S.  Geological  Survey.  H.  R. 
Johnson,  Geology  and  water  resources  of  Antelope  Valley,  Water 
Supply  Paper  No.  278,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  C.  L.  Baker,  Notes 
on  the  later  Cenozoic  history  of  the  Mojave  Desert  region  in  south- 
eastern California,  Bull.  Dept.  Geology,  University  of  California, 
A^ol.  6,  No.  15,  pp.  333-383,  C.  L.  Baker,  Physiography  and  structure 
of  the  western  El  Paso  range  and  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada,  Bull. 
Dept.  Geology,  University  of  California,  Vol.  7,  No.  6,  pp.  117-142. 
G.  E.  Bailey,  The  saline  deposits  of  California,  Bull.  No.  24,  California 
State  Mining  Bureau.  W.  P.  Blake,  A  geological  reconnaissance  of 
California,  Vol.  5,  Reports,  Pacific  R.  R.  Survey.  Bailey  Willis,  The 
stratigraphy  of  North  America,  P.P.  71,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  M.  R, 
Campbell,  Reconnaissance  of  the  borax  deposits  of  Death  Valley  and 
Mojave  Desert,  Bull.  200,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  0.  H.  Hershey, 
The  Quaternary  of  southern  California,  Bull.  Dept.  Geology,  University 
of  California,  Vol,  3,  No.  1,  pp.  1-30.  S.  H.  Ball,  A  geological  recon- 
naissance in  southwestern  Nevada  and  eastern  California,  Bull.  308, 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  G.  A.  Waring,  Springs  of  California,  Water 
Supply  Paper  No.  338,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  (Map  of  California). 
Guidebook  of  the  Western  United  States,  Part  C,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bulletin  613. 

COLORADO  DESERT. 

Various  publications  of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau,  espe- 
cially W.  A.  Goodyear,  San  Diego  County,  10th  Annual  Report,  State 
Mineralogist ;  and  E.  B.  Preston,  Salton  Lake,  Report  XI,  State  Mineral- 
ogist. W.  P.  Blake,  Geological  reconnaissance  of  California,  Vol.  5, 
Pacific  R.  R.  Reports.  H.  W.  Fairbanks,  Geology  of  San  Diego  County, 
11th  Annual  Report,  State  Mineralogist,  pp.  76-120;  Stephen  Bowers, 
Reconnaissance  of  the  Colorado  Desert  Mining  District,  Bulletin  — , 
1901 ;  D.  T.  MacDougal,  Sketch  of  the  geology  and  soils  of  the  Cahuila 
Basin,  The  Salton  Sea,  Publications  of  the  Carnegie  Institution,  No.  193. 

The  Sierra  Madre  (Sierra  de  Los  Angeles).  The  range  extending 
from  Point  Conception  in  Santa  Barbara  County  through  San  Diego 
and  Imperial  counties  to  Lower  California,  has  generally  been  termed 
the  Sierra  ]\Iadre;  F.  L.  Ransome  has  recently  proposed  to  name  this 
system  the  Sierra  de  Los  Angeles.  The  new  name  will  hardly  displace 
the  time-honored  term. 

H.  W.  Fairbanks,  Geology  of  San  Diego  County,  etc.,  Report  XI, 
State  Mineralogist,  pp.  76-120.  G.  H.  Eldridge  and  R.  Arnold, 
Geology  of  the  Santa  Clara  Valley,  Puente  Hills  and  Los  Angeles  Oil 
districts,  California,  Bull.  309,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.     A.  C.  La^vson, 


GEOLOGIC    rORM.VI'JONS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  21 

the  post-Plioeeiie  diastropliism  of  the  coast  of  southern  California, 
Bull.  Dept.  Geology,  University  of  California,  Vol.  1,  No.  4,  pp.  115- 
160.  0.  H.  Hershey,  The  Quaternary  of  southern  California,  Bull. 
Dept.  Geologry,  University  of  California,  Vol.  3,  No.  1,  pp.  1-30.  0.  H. 
Hershey,  Some  crystalline  rocks  of  southern  California,  American 
Geologist,  Vol.  27,  pp.  225-245.  R.  Arnold  and  A.  M.  Strong,  Some 
crystalline  rocks  of  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains,  Bidl.  Gcol.  Society  of 
America,  Nov.  16,  pp.  183-204.  R.  Arnold,  Geology  and  Oil  resources 
of  the  Summerland  district,  California,  Bull.  321,  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey.  R.  Arnold  and  R.  Anderson,  Geology  and  oil  resources  of 
the  Santa  ]\Iaria  district,  California,  Bull.  327,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 
R.  Arnold,  The  palaeontology  and  stratigraphy  of  the  marine  Pliocene 
and  Pleistocene  of  San  Pedro,  California,  Mem.  California  Academy 
of  Sciences,  Vol.  3,  pp.  1-420.  R.  E.  Dickerson,  The  Martinez  Eocene 
and  associated  formations  at  Rock  Creek  on  the  western  border  of  the 
Mojave  Desert  area,  Bull.  Dept.  Geology,  University  of  California, 
Vol.  8,  No.  14,  pp.  289-298.  H.  W.  Fairbanks,  Geology  of  northern 
Ventura,  Santa  Barbara,  San  Luis  Obispo,  Monterey  and  San  Benito 
counties,  12th  Annual  Report,  State  Mineralogist,  pp.  493-526.  R.  P. 
McLaughlin  and  C.  A.  Waring,  Petroleum  industry  of  California, 
Bull.  69,  California  State  Mining  Bureau.  Various  minor  county 
reports  in  the  publications  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau;  Unpublished 
work  of  R.  Arnold,  J.  R.  Pemberton,  and  C.  A.  Waring. 

THE  ISLANDS  OF  THE  SANTA  BARBARA  CHANNEL. 

L.  G.  Yates,  Stray  Notes  on  the  geology  of  the  Channel  Islands, 
Report  IX,  State  Mineralogist,  pp.  171-174.  W.  S.  T.  Smith,  A  geo- 
logical sketch  of  San  Clemente  Island,  18th  Annual  Report,  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey,  Part  3,  pp.  74-96.  W.  S.  T.  Smith,  A  topographic 
study  of  the  islands  of  southern  California,  Bull.  Dept.  Geology,  Uni- 
versity of  California,  Vol.  2,  No.  7,  pp.  179-230.  W.  S.  T.  Smith, 
The  geology  of  Santa  Catalina  Island,  Proceedings  California  Academy 
of  Sciences,  3d  Ser.,  Geology,  Vol.  1,  No.  1,  pp.  1-71. 

COAST  RANGES. 

The  Middle  Coast  Ranges,  Point  Concepcion  to  San  Francisco. 
R.  Arnold  and  R.  Anderson,  The  geology  and  oil  resources  of  the 
Santa  Maria  district,  California,  Bull.  327,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 
R.  Arnold  and  R.  Anderson,  The  geology  and  oil  resources  of  the 
Coalinga  district,  California,  Bull.  398,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  R. 
Arnold  and  Harry  R.  Johnson,  Pn^liminary  report  on  the  IMcKittriek- 
Sunset  oil  region,  Kern  and  San  Luis  01)ispo  counties,  California, 
Bull.  406,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  U.  W.  Fairbanks,  Geology  of 
Point  Sal,  Bull.  Dept.  Geology,  University  of  California,  Vol.  2, 
pp.  1-92.     H.  W.  Fairbanks,  San  Luis  Folio,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


22  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

R.  P.  McLaughlin  and  C.  A.  Warinp:,  Petroleum  industry  of  Cali- 
fornia, Bull.  69,  California  State  Mining  Bureau.  H.  W.  Fairbanks, 
Geology  of  Northern  Ventura,  etc..  Report  XII,  State  Mineralogist, 
pp.  493-526.  F.  M.  Anderson,  A  stratigraphic  study  in  the  Mount 
Diablo  Range  of  California,  Proc.  California  Academy  of  Sciences, 
Third  Ser.,  Geology,  Vol.  2,  No.  2,  pp.  155-248.  A.  C.  Lawson,  The 
California  earthquake  of  April  18,  1906,  Report  of  the  State  Earth- 
quake Commission,  Vol.  1,  part  1,  1908,  pp.  1-52.  R.  W.  Pack  and 
W.  H.  English,  Waltham,  Priest,  Bitterwater  and  Peachtree  Valleys, 
California,  Bull.  581-D,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  A.  C.  Lawson,  Sketch 
of  the  geology  of  the  San  Francisco  Peninsula,  15th  Annual  Report, 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  pp.  403-476.  A.  C.  Lawson,  San  Francisco 
Folio,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  Roderic  Crandall,  The  geology  of  the 
San  Francisco  Peninsula,  Proc.  American  Phil.  Society,  Vol.  46,  1907, 
pp.  1-58.  Homer  Hamlin,  Water  resources  of  the  Salinas  Valley, 
California,  Water  Supply  and  Irrigation  Paper  No.  89,  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey.  G.  F.  Becker,  Geology  of  the  cpiicksilver  depo-sits  of  the 
Pacific  Slope,  Mon.  13,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  A.  C.  Lawson  and 
Charles  Palache,  The  Berkeley  Hills,  a  detail  of  Coast  Range  geology, 
Bull.  Dept.  Geol.,  University  of  California,  Vol.  2,  No.  12,  pp.  349^50. 
W.  F.  Jones,  The  geology  of  the  Sargent  oil  field.  Bull.  Dept.  Geol., 
University  of  California,  Vol.  6,  No.  3,  pp.  55-78.  A.  C.  Lawson,  The 
geology  of  Carmelo  Bay,  Bull.  Dept.,  Geol.,  University  of  California, 
Vol.  1,  pp.  1-59.  J.  C.  Branner,  J.  F.  Newsom,  and  R.  Arnold,  The 
Santa  Cruz  folio,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  Unpublished  work  of  the 
summer  field-geology  classes  of  the  L^niversity  of  California,  Leland 
Stanford  Junior  University,  and  personal  communications  from  W.  H. 
Ochsner,  H.  Hannibal,  R.  B.  Moran,  H.  R.  Johnson,  F.  M.  Anderson, 
C.  H.  Beal,  E.  C.  Templeton,  J.  R.  Pemberton.  C.  H.  Davis,  and 
C.  F.  Tolman,  Jr. 

The  Northern  Coast  Ranges,  San  Francisco  to  Cape  Mendocino. 
A.  C.  Lawson,  The  geomorphogeny  of  the  coast  of  northern  California, 
Bull.  Dept.  Geol.,  University  of  California,  Vol.  1,  No.  8,  pp.  241-272. 
V.  C.  Osmont,  A  geological  section  of  the  Coast  Ranges  north  of  San 
Francisco,  Bull.  Dept.,  Geol.,  University  of  California,  Vol.  4,  No.  3, 
pp.  39-87.  A.  C.  Lawson,  San  Francisco  folio,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 
H.  AV.  Fairbanks,  Notes  on  the  geology  of  Tehama,  Lake,  Colusa  and 
Napa  counties,  Report  XI,  State  Mineralogist,  pp.  54r-15.  H.  W.  Fair- 
banks, The  pre-Cretaceous  age  of  the  metamorphic  rocks  of  the  Cali- 
fornia Coast  Ranges,  American  Geologist,  Vol.  9,  pp.  153-166.  H.  W. 
Fairbanks,  Notes  on  a  farther  study  of  the  pre-Cretaceous  rocks  of  the 
California  Coast  Ranges,  American  Geologist,  Vol.  11,  pp.  69-84. 
H.  W.  Fairbanks,  Review  of  our  knowledge  of  the  geology  of  the  Cali- 
fornia Coast  Ranges,  Bull.  Geol.,  Society  of  America,  Vol.  6,  pp.  71-102. 

\ 


GEOLOGIC    FORMATIONS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  23 

F.  ^r.  Anderson,  The  p:eology  of  Point  Reyes  Peninsula,  Bull.  Dept. 
Geology,  University  of  California,  A'ol.  2,  No.  5,  pp.  119-133.  F.  L. 
Ransome,  The  geology  of  Angel  Island,  Bull.  Dept.  of  Geology,  Uni- 
versity of  California,  Vol.  1,  No.  7,  pp.  193-240.  C.  A.  White,  Correla- 
tion Papers;  Cretaceous,  Bull.  82,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  J.  S.  Dil- 
ler.  The  topographic  development  of  the  Klamath  Mountains,  Bull.  196, 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  T.  W.  Stanton,  Contributions  to  the  Creta- 
ceous paleontology  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  The  fauna  of  the  Knoxvilh; 
beds,  Bull.  133,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  F.  M.  Anderson,  Cretaceous 
deposits  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  Proc.  California  Academy  of  Sciences, 
3d  Ser.,  Geology,  Vol.  2,  No.  1,  pp.  1-154.  G.  F.  Becker,  Geology  of  the 
quicksilver  deposits  of  the  Pacific  Slope,  Mon.  13,  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey.  R.  S.  Ilolway,  An  extension  of  the  known  area  of  Pleistocene 
glaciation  of  the  Coast  Ranges  of  California,  Bull.  American  Geo- 
graphical Society,  Vol.  43,  pp.  161-170.  R.  S.  Holway,  Physiograph- 
ically  unfinished  entrances  to  San  Francisco  Bay,  University  of 
California  Pub.  in  Geography,  Vol.  1,  No.  3,  pp.  81-126.  In  addition 
to  these  papers,  unpublished  work  of  AV.  B.  Barber  on  Sonoma,  of 
H.  Hannibal  on  Lake  and  Colusa,  and  of  W.  G.  Cooper  and  H.  Hanni- 
bal on  ^Mendocino  County. 

KLAMATH  MOUNTAINS. 

J.  S.  Diller,  Tlie  topograjihic  development  of  the  Klamath  ]\Ioun- 
tains,  Bull.  196,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  J.  S.  Diller,  The  Klamath 
Mountain  section,  American  Journal  of  Science,  Vol.  165,  pp.  342-363. 
J.  S.  Diller,  The  Bragdon  formation,  American  Journal  of  Science, 
Vol.  169,  pp.  379-387.  J.  S.  Diller,  Redding  folio,  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey.  J.  S.  Diller,  Auriferous  Gravels  of  the  Weaverville  quad- 
rangle. Bull.  540,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  pp.  11-21.  J.  S.  Diller, 
Alineral  resources  of  southwestern  Oregon,  Bull.  546,  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey.  0.  H.  Hershey,  INFetamorphic  formations  of  northwestern 
California.  American  Geologist.  Vol.  27,  pp.  225-245.  0.  H.  Hershey, 
Structure  of  the  southern  portion  of  the  Klamath  Mountains  in  Cali- 
fornia, American  Geologist,  Vol.  31,  pp.  231-245.  0.  H.  Hershey,  Some 
evidence  of  two  glacial  stages  in  the  Klamath  IMountains,  American 
Geologist,  Vol.  31,  pp.  139-156.  O.  H.  Hershey,  The  Bragdon  forma- 
tion in  northwestern  California.  American  Geologist,  Vol.  33,  pp.  347- 
360.  0.  H.  Hershey,  The  Belt  and  Pelona  series,  American  Journal  oP 
Science,  Vol.  184,  pp.  263-273.  0.  H.  Hershey,  Del  Norte  County 
geology,  Mining  and  Scientific  Press  (1911),  Vol.  102,  p.  468.  H.  AV. 
Fairbanks,  Geology  and  mineralogy  of  Shasta  County,  Report  XI,  State 
AFineralogist,  pp.  24-53.  F.  Af.  Anderson,  The  physiographic  features 
of  the  Klamath  Mountains,  Journal  of  Geology,  Vol.  10,  pp.  144-159. 
TI.  G.  Ferguson,  Gold  lodes  of  the  Weaverville  quadrangle,  California, 


24  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Bull.  540,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  pp.  27-79.  D.  F.  MacDonald,  Gold 
lodes  of  the  Carrville  district.  Trinity  County,  California,  Bull.  530, 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  pp.  9-41.  F.  M.  Anderson,  H.  W.  Turner 
and  other  geologists,  The  Copper  resources  of  California,  Bull.  23, 
California  State  Mining  Bureau.  0.  H.  Hershey,  unpublished  geo- 
logical map  of  Siskiyou  County.  H.  Hannibal  and  "W.  G.  Cooper, 
unpublished  personal  communications  on  Humboldt,  Trinity,  Del 
Norte,  and  Siskiyou  counties.  Unpublished  work  of  the  writer  on  the 
same  region. 

CASCADE  MOUNTAINS  AND  MODOC  LAVA  FIELD. 

J.  S.  Diller,  Geology  of  the  Lassen  Peak  district,  8th  Annual  Report, 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Part  1,  pp.  395-432.  J.  S.  Diller,  Lassen  Peak 
folio,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  J.  S.  Diller,  The  geology  of  the  Taylors- 
ville  region.  Bull.  353,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  J.  S.  Diller,  The 
eruptions  of  Lassen  Peak,  Mazama,  Vol.  4,  pp.  54-59.  R.  S.  Holway, 
Preliminary  report  on  the  recent  volcanic  activity  of  Lassen  Peak,  Uni- 
versity of  California,  Pub.  in  Geography,  Vol.  1,  No.  7,  pp.  307-330. 
I.  C.  Russell,  Geological  history  of  Lake  Lahontan,  a  Quaternary  lake 
of  northwestern  Nevada,  Mon.  11,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

THE  GREAT  VALLEY. 

Sacramento  Valley.  J,  S.  Diller,  Redding  folio,  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey.  J.  S.  Diller,  Tertiary  revolution  in  the  topography  of  the 
Pacific  Coast,  14th  Annual  Report,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Part  2, 
pp.  403-433.  Waldemar  Lindgren,  Marysville  folio,  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey.  Waldemar  Lindgren,  The  Auriferous  Gravels  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  P.  P.  73,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  H.  W.  Turner,  The  rocks 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  14th  Annual  Report,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey, 
Part  2,  pp.  441-495.  R.  E.  Dickerson,  Fauna  of  the  Eocene  at  Marys- 
ville Buttes,  California,  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.,  University  of  California, 
Vol.  7,  No.  12,  pp.  257-298.  R.  E.  Dickerson,  Fauna  of  the  Martinez 
Eocene  of  California,  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.,  University  of  California,  Vol.  8, 
No.  6,  pp.  61-180. 

San  Joaquin  Valley.  F.  L.  Ransome,  The  Great  Valley  of  Cali- 
fornia, a  criticism  of  the  theory  of  isostas}'.  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.,  Uni- 
versity of  California,  Vol.  1,  No.  14,  pp.  371-428.  F.  M.  Anderson,  A 
stratigraphic  study  in  the  Mount  Diablo  Range,  Proceedings  California 
Academy  of  Sciences,  3d  Ser.,  Geology,  Vol.  2,  No.  2,  pp.  155-248. 
F.  M.  Anderson,  The  Neocene  deposits  of  Kern  River,  California,  Pro- 
ceedings, California  Academy  of  Sciences,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  3,  pp.  73-146. 
F.  M.  Anderson,  Neocene  record  in  the  Templor  basin,  California,  and 
Neocene  deposits  of  the  San  Juan  District,  San  Luis  Obispo  County, 
Proceedings  California  Academy  of  Sciences,  4th  Ser.,  Vol.  4,  pp.  15- 


GEOLOGIC    FORMATIONS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  25 

112.  W.  L.  Watts,  Oil  and  gas  yielding  formations  of  California, 
Bull.  19,  California  State  Mining  Bureau.  R.  Anderson,  Preliminarj' 
report  on  the  geology  and  oil  prospects  of  the  Cantua-Panoche  region, 
California,  Bull.  431,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  pp.  58-87.  R.  Ander- 
son, Preliminary  report  on  the  geology  and  possible  oil  resources  of 
the  south  end  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  California,  Bull.  47,  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey,  pp.  106-136.  R.  Arnold  and  R.  Anderson,  The 
geology  and  oil  resources  of  the  Coalinga  district,  California,  Bull.  398. 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  R.  Arnold  and  Harry  R.  Johnson,  Pre- 
liminary report  on  the  McKittrick-Sunset  oil  region,  Kern  and  San 
Luis  Obispo  counties,  California,  Bull.  406,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 
R.  P.  McLaughlin  and  C.  A.  Waring,  Petroleum  industry  of  California, 
Bull.  69,  California  State  Mining  Bureau. 

FORMATIONS  SHOWN  ON  THE  MAP. 

PRE-CAMBRIAN  METAMORPHICS. 

Color,  pink.  Symbol,  Am. 

This  series  includes  the  supposed  Archfean  of  Inyo,  San  Bernardino 
and  Riverside  counties,  where  some  of  the  gneisses  and  schists  are 
known  to  underlie  the  loAver  Cambrian  Olenellus  beds.  These  rocks 
may  be  in  part  altered  sediments,  but  appear  to  be  chiefly  granitic  rocks 
made  schistose  or  banded  by  pressure.  It  includes  also  the  Pelona 
schists  of  San  Bernardino  County,  of  Hershey\  and  the  Abrams  and 
Salmon  schists  of  Trinity  and  Siskiyou  counties,  named  by  the  same 
Avriter,  in  the  paper  cited  above ;  also  the  South  Fork  Mountain  schists 
of  Trinity  County,  named  and  described  by  J.  S.  Diller-  but  assigned 
by  him  merely  to  a  pre-Devonian  age.  These  pre-Devonian  meta- 
morphics  of  the  Klamath  Mountains  consist  partly  of  altered  sediments, 
and  partly  of  altered  igneous  rocks.  They  may  be  Algonkian  in  age, 
though  hardl}'  so  old  as  the  true  Archaean. 

This  heading  should  also  include  the  older  schists  and  gneisses  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  but  there  are  no  data  for  separating  them,  since 
they  have  been  mapped  with  the  granitic  rocks  of  the  Sierra  batholith. 
The  same  thing  is  true  of  similar  rocks  in  the  Sierra  Madre  of  southern 
California,  especially  in  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  batholiths. 

There  are  also  some  granites  included  under  this  heading,  in  south- 
eastern California,  where  data  for  separation  are  lacking. 

SANTA  LUCIA  FORMATION. 

Color,  dark  gray.  Symbol,  SI. 

Schists,  gneisses  and  crystalline  limestone  of  the  Santa  Lucia  Range 

in  Monterey  and  San  Luis  Obispo  counties,  and  Fremont's  Peak  of  the 

Gavilan  Range  in  San  Benito  County,  have  been  named  by  Bailey 

^American  Journal  of  Science,  Vol.  184,  pp.  253-273. 
'American  Journal  of  Science,  Vol.  165,  pp.  342-368. 


26  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Willis''  the  Santa  Liieia  series.  These  rocks  have  never  been  fully 
described,  but  a  partial  description  is  given  by  H.  W.  Fairbanks*  with- 
out naming  the  series. 

No  definite  fossils  are  known  in  the  series,  but  round  crinoid  stems 
are  said  to  have  been  found  in  the  Gavilan  limestones  of  Fremont's 
Peak.  They  are  certainly  pre-granitic,  and  the  granite  of  the  Santa 
Lucia  Range  is  older  than  the  Franciscan.  They  may  be  altered 
Paleozoics,  but  Hershey  thinks  they  are  pre-Cambrian.  The  rocks 
are  thoroughly  metamorphosed,  and  look  as  old  as  the  pre-Cambrian 
rocks  of  southern  California. 

Their  thickness  and  structural  relations  are  unknown,  but  the  Fran- 
ciscan rocks  lie  unconformably  upon  them  in  the  few  cases  where  eon- 
tacts  have  been  observed.  They  are  sometimes  alluded  to  as  altered 
Paleozoics,  but  no  Paleozoic  fossils  have  been  found  in  the  coastal 
region  in  either  northern  or  southern  California. 

PALEOZOIC  METAMORPHICS  UNDIFFERENTIATED. 

Color,  pearl  gray.  Symbol,  Pm. 

This  heading  includes  slates,  crystalline  limestones,  schists  and 
altered  igneous  rocks,  in  Trinity,  Humboldt,  Del  Norte,  and  Siskiyou 
counties.  EspecialW  notable  are  the  great  masses  of  serpentines  in 
this  region.  This  division  includes  all  the  rocks  between  the  pre- 
Devonian  metamorphics  of  Trinity  and  Siskiyou  counties  and  the 
known  Paleozoics  of  that  region.  It  may  also  include  Devonian  and 
Carboniferous  beds,  but  no  fossils  are  known  in  the  series  to  fix  the  age. 

It  is  not  a  geologic  formation,  but  a  convenient  catch-all  for  the 
undifferentiated  metamorphic  rocks  of  the  Klamath  ]\Iountains,  and 
may  even  include  pre-Cambrian  rocks. 

The  designation  includes  also  crystalline  limestones  and  slates  of 
southeastern  California  in  which  no  fossils  are  known,  in  that  region 
most  likely  Cambrian  or  Ordovician.  Thickness  and  stratigraphic  rela- 
tions unknown. 

CAMBRIAN. 
Color,  lavender.  Symbol,  G. 

Limestones,  slates  and  quartzites  of  Inyo  and  San  Bernardino 
counties.  Lower  Cambrian  Olenellus  beds,  and  possibly  some  jNIiddle 
Cambrian.  Best  known  in  the  Inyo  Range  east  of  Owens  River,  where 
the  series  has  a  thickness  of  more  than  10,000  feet. 

Archaeocijatkns  and  Olenellus  are  abundant  in  the  limestones,  the 
corals  forming  reef-banks.  This  formation  has  been  described  by 
A.  Knopfs  in  the  Inyo  Mountains.     It  is  the  same  that  occurs  in  the 


^'Science,  Vol.  II  (1900),  p.  221. 

■'Geologry  of  Northern  Ventura,   etc.,   Report  XI r,  California  State  Mining  Bureau, 
pp.  493-526. 

''Bull.  540,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  pp.  81-120. 


GEOLOGIC    FORMATIONS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  27 

Silver  Peak  region  of  Nevada,  a  short  distance  across  the  line  from 
California,  long  known  as  the  classic  locality  for  lower  Cambrian 
fossils. 

S.  li.  Ba\r  distinguishes  in  the  Death  Valley  region  of  eastern  Inyo 
County,  the  Prospect  IMouutain  limestone  (The  Olenellus  beds),  and 
the  Prospect  Mountain  quartzite.  These  are  mappable  units  on  large 
scale  maps,  but  can  not  be  differentiated  on  the  twelve-mile  scale. 

ORDOVICIAN-SILURIAN. 

Color,  cobalt  blue.  Symbol,  S 

Ordovician  and  Silurian  <iuartzites  of  Inyo  County,  described  by 
J.  E.  Spurr'  from  the  White  ^Mountain  Range  and  other  desert  moun 
tains.  S.  H.  BalP  distinguishes  in  the  Death  Valley  region  of  Inyo 
County,  the  Pogonip  limestone  Avith  a  thickness  of  4000  feet,  and  the 
Eureka  quartzite  of  the  Amargosa  Range,  1500'  thick,  both  Ordovician. 
Ball  lists  Orthoceras  olarus  from  the  Pogonip,  and  A.  Knopfs  lists  from 
the  Inyo  Range :  Biplograpius  and  Hormotoma,  from  the  4400'  thick 
limestones  of  Mazourka  Canon.  Ball  also  cites  from  the  Amargosa 
Range  the  Lone  Mountain  limestone  1800'  thick,  supposed  to  be  Silu- 
rian. This  heading  includes  also  the  Montgomery  limestone  of  the 
Grizzly  formation  of  Indian  Valley,  Plumas  County,  described  by 
J.  S.  Diller^*'  as  containing  Niagara  fossils. 

DEVONIAN. 

Color,  turquoise  blue  with  inclined  ruling.  Symbol,  D. 

Limestones  and  associated  igneous  rocks  of  Kennett  and  Lower  Soda 
Springs  in  the  Sacramento  Cailon,  with  Middle  Devonian  fossils, 
described  by  J.  S.  Diller^\  also  patches  of  limestone  on  the  northeast 
side  of  South  Fork  ^Mountain,  Trinity  County,  and  near  Gazelle,  Siski- 
>'ou  County.  The  formation  is  best  known  on  the  ridge  between  Back- 
bone and  Squaw  Creeks,  about  4  miles  NE.  of  Kennett,  Shasta  County, 
Miiere  the  limestone  contains  reefs  of  Favosites  canadensis. 

This  heading  includes  also  the  Taylorsville  formation  of  Indian 
Valley,  Plumas  County,  described  by  J.  S.  Diller^-.  assigned  to  this  age 
because  of  its  position  between  the  ^Montgomery  limestone  and  the 
Carboniferous  beds. 

Knopf'"  described  Devonian  limestones  from  the  Inyo  Range,  in  the 
foothills  east  of  Citrus  Station,  in  Owens  Valley,  where  they  have  a 
tliiekness  of  1400'  and  contain  Spirifcr  maia,  S.  argentarius,  Atrypa 
)nm(nm€usis,  and  Chonetes  deflectus. 


•Bull.  308,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

'Bull.  208,  U.  S.  Geological  Survev,  p.  188. 

"Bull.  308,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

"Bull.  540,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  p.  86. 

■"Bull.  353,  U.  S.  G.  S. 

"Redding  Folio,  U.  S.  G.  S.  and  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  Vol.   165.  pp.  342-361 

■=Buli.  353,  U.  S.  G.  S. 

"Bull.  540,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  p.  81-120. 


28  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

CARBONIFEROUS. 

Color,  turquoise  blue.  Symbol,  C. 

The  greatest  area  of  Carboniferous  in  the  State  is  the  Calaveras 
formation  of  the  Gold  Belt,  fully  described  in  the  Gold  Belt  folios  of 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  This  formation  includes  lime- 
stones, quartzites,  some  schists  and  igneous  rocks.  It  is  not  a  true 
geologic  formation,  but  may  include  also  the  basement  rocks  on  whicli 
the  Carboniferous  was  laid  down.  A  part  of  it  is  certainly  Carbon- 
iferous, for  Fusulina  cylindrica,  Clisiophylluni  gahhi,  and  other  charac- 
teristic fossils  have  been  found  in  the  limestones. 

The  thickness  is  unknown,  but  is  certainly  many  thousand  feet. 
This  formation  extends  from  Plumas  to  Mariposa  counties,  and  a  small 
patch  occurs  at  Mineral  King  in  Tulare  County. 

The  Caribou  limestone  of  the  Taylorsville  region  of  Plumas  County, 
with  Fusulina  cylindrica,  and  the  Robinson  tuffs  of  the  same  region, 
with  Fusulina  rolusta,  described  by  J.  S.  Diller^*  are  also  mapped 
under  this  heading. 

The  best  section  of  Carboniferous  on  the  West  Coast  is  in  the  region 
of  McCloud  and  Pit  rivers,  in  Shasta  County,  described  by  J.  S.  Diller 
in  the  Redding  folio,  U.  S.  G.  S.  This  section  includes  the  Bragdon, 
Baird,  McCloud,  Nosoni  and  Wildwood  formations,  all  good  mappable 
units,  but  not  distinguished  on  the  12-mile  scale,  for  the  sake  of  uni- 
formity with  the  Gold  Belt. 

The  Bragdon  formation  of  Trinity  and  Shasta  counties  lies  uncon- 
formably  upon  the  Devonian,  and  is  conformable  below  the  Baird.  It 
consists  of  conglomerates,  slates,  and  included  igneous  rocks,  and  ha? 
a  thickness  of  about  6000'. 

0.  H.  Hershey^^  described  the  Bragdon  as  Mesozoic,  equivalent  to 
the  Mariposa  formation,  but  J.  S.  Diller,  in  the  Redding  folio,  proves 
it  to  be  Mississippian,  Lower  Carboniferous. 

The  Baird  formation,  known  only  along  the  McCloud  River  in 
Shasta  County,  lies  conformably  between  the  underlying  Bragdon  and 
the  overlying  McCloud.  It  consists  of  siliceous  shales  and  tuffs,  and 
has  a  thickness  of  about  600'.  J.  P.  Smith^^  described  the  Baird  as 
Lower  Carboniferous,  because  of  the  occurrence  of  Productus  giganteus 
and  Proetus  elipticus,  but  Charles  Schuchert^^  thinks  it  is  probably 
lower  Pennsylvanian.  The  evidence  is  uncertain,  for  the  fauna  is 
Asiatic  in  affinities,  wholly  unlike  the  standard  Mississippian  and 
Pennsylvanian  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

The  ]\IcCloud  limestone  of  Shasta  County  has  a  thickness  of  2000' 
and  contains  an  abundant  fauna  characteristic  of  the  Coal  Measures, 


"Bull.  353,  U.  S.  G.  S. 

"Amer.  Geol.,  Vol.  27,  p.  238. 

'«Jour.  Geol.,  1894,  Vol.  2,  pp.  598-612. 

"Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  Vol.  20,  1910,  pp.  571-573. 


GEOLOGIC    FORMATIONS   OP    CALIFORNIA.  29 

especially  Fusulina  cylindrka,  F.  rohusfa,  CUsiophyJJum  (jahhi,  Litho- 
strotion  calif orniense,  etc.  It  is  the  same  as  the  Caribou  limestone  of 
Plumas  County,  and  the  Fusulina  limestone  of  the  Gold  Belt.  Large 
areas  of  this  formation  are  known  also  in  Inyo  County,  and  are  reported 
from  the  Mojave  Desert. 

The  Nosoni  formation  of  Shasta  County  overlies  the  McCloud  con- 
formably, and  consists  chiefly  of  altered  tuffs  (amphibolites),  with  some 
thin  beds  of  limestones  and  shales;  it  has  a  thickness  of  about  1000' 
and  contains  numerous  fossils,  especially  Fusulina  elongata,  several 
species  of  Prodiictus  allied  to  Permian  types,  of  Asiatic  affinities.  The 
formation  is  probably  transitional  to  Permian.  Its  horizon  is  the  same 
as  that  of  the  Robinson  tuffs  of  Plumas  County.  Similar  amphibolite 
schists  are  common  in  the  Mother  Lode  region,  but  are  not  known  to 
contain  fossils. 

The  Nosoni  formation  lies  uneonformably  below  the  Triassic  of  Pit 
River,  separated  from  it  by  masses  of  igneous  rocks. 

TRIASSIC. 
Color,  emerald.  Symbol,  Tr. 

The  Triassic  of  California  contains  five  different  formations,  ]\Ieeko- 
ceras  beds  of  Inyo  County,  Parapopanoceras  beds  of  Inyo  County,  Pit 
shales,  Hosselkus  limestone,  and  Brock  shales  of  Shasta  County.  These 
are  easily  separable  locally  by  paleontology  and  lithology,  but  the  units 
are  too  small  to  segregate  on  the  scale  of  our  map.  It  also  includes 
the  doubtful  Sailor  Caiion  formation  of  Placer  County. 

The  Meekoceras  beds  are  known  in  California  only  in  the  Inyo  Range, 
east  of  Owens  Lake,  where  they  overlie  the  Carboniferous  wdth  apparent 
conformity.  They  have  a  thickness  of  more  than  a  thousand  feet,  of 
shales  with  some  limestone  beds,  much  folded  and  sheared.  Fossils  are 
abundant,  though  badly  preserved.  The  fauna  has  been  described  by 
Hyatt  and  Smith^*  and  contains  Meeliocevas  gracilitatis  M.  mushhacha- 
num,  Ussiiria  compressa,  Pscudosageceras  intermontanum,  and  many 
other  species  characteristic  of  the  Lower  Triassic. 

The  Parapopanoceras  beds  of  Inyo  County  lie  conformably  above 
the  Meekoceras  beds,  and  consist  of  shaly  black  limestone.  The  fos- 
siliferous  bed  is  probably  not  more  than  50'  thick,  but  the  total  thick- 
ness is  probably  several  hundred  feet.  The  fauna  contains  Hungarites 
yatesi,  Parapopanoceras  haxigi,  Xenodiscus  hittneri,  and  Acrochordi- 
ceras  inyoense,  characteristic  of  the  lower  part  of  the  Middle  Triassic, 
d&scribed  by  J.  P.  Smith^^. 

The  Pit  formation,  known  only  on  Pit  River  and  Squaw  Creek, 
Shasta  County,  consists  of  siliceous  shales  and  tuffs,  with  a  thickness 

"P.  p.  40,  U.  S.  G.  S..  Triassic  Ceplialopod  Geneia  of  America. 
"Prof.  Paper  No.  83,  U.  S.  G.  S. 


30  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

of  about  2000'.  The  shales  are  probably  of  radiolarian  origin,  and 
are  flinty.  They  contain,  near  Copper  City,  a  few  definite  fossils: 
rtychites  sp.,  Ceratites  eonf.  humboldtenis,  Tropigastrites,  and  Penla- 
cnnus,  of  Middle  Triassic  age,  the  same  as  those  of  the  Daonella  beds 
of  the  West  Humboldt  Range  in  Nevada.  This  formation  lies  con- 
formably beneath  the  Hosselkus  limestone. 

The  Hosselkus  limestone  of  Shasta  and  Plumas  counties  is  of  Upper 
Triassic  age,  and  has  a  thickness  of  about  400'.  The  beds  on  Brock 
]\lountain,  between  Squaw  Creek  and  Pit  River,  Shasta  County,  are 
full  of  fossils,  Tropites  suhlullatus,  Sagcnitcs  herhichi,  Paratropitcs 
scUai,  Discotropites  sandlingcnsis,  Proclydonantihis  triadicus,  Tlalohia 
superha;  and  reef-building  corals,  Isastraa,  Thamnastra,  PhijUucoenia, 
etc. 

The  Brock  shales  with  a  thickness  of  about  1000'  overlie  the  Hossel- 
kus limestone  conformably,  in  Shasta  and  Plumas  counties.  They  are 
dark  aluminous  shales  with  thin  bands  of  tuffs,  containing  Pseudo- 
monotis  suhcircularis,  Halorites  americanus,  Arccstes,  and  Rhabdoceras, 
characteristic  of  the  Upper  Triassic,  Noric  horizon.  The  Upper  Trias- 
sic faunas  of  California  have  been  described  by  Hyatt  and  Smith^", 
and  the  rich  reptilian  fauna  by  J.  C.  Merriam,  in  the  Bulletins  of  the 
Department  of  Geology,  University  of  California. 

The  Sailor  Caiion  formation  of  the  Colfax  folio,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Placer 
County,  has  been  described  by  W.  Lindgren  as  Upper  Triassic,  and  is 
included  under  the  general  heading  of  Triassic  on  the  map  accompany- 
ing this  Bulletin.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  equivalent  of  the  Brock 
shales. 

The  Cedar  formation  of  J.  S.  Diller,  Lassen  Peak  folio,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  is 
the  equivalent  of  the  Hosselkus  and  Brock  formations. 

Some  small  patches  west  of  Lake  Tahoe  are  assigned,  on  the  basis 
of  lithology,  to  the  Triassic,  but  no  fossils  are  known  in  them. 

JURASSIC. 
Color,  gray  blue.  Symbol,  J. 

The  Jurassic  of  California  has  been  better  studied  than  any  other 
of  the  older  formations,  because  of  its  association  with  the  gold-bearing 
veins.  It  includes  a  large  number  of  formations  which  are  mapped  in 
detail  on  the  large  scale  maps,  but  not  separable  on  the  12-mile  scale: 
the  Hardgrave  sandstone  of  Shasta  and  Plumas  counties,  the  Modiu 
and  Potem  formations  of  Shasta  County,  the  Mormon,  Hinchman, 
Thompson  and  Bicknell  formations  of  Genessee  Valley,  Plumas  County, 
the  Mariposa,  Colfax,  Milton  and  INFonte  d'Oro  formations  of  the  Gold 
Belt  folios,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

The  Modin  and  Potem  formations  are  known  only  on  Pit  River, 


"Prof.  Paper  No.  40,  U.  S.  G.  S. 


GEOLOGIC    FORMATIONS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  31 

Shasta  County;  they  consist  of  dark  shah\s  and  tuffs  witli  tliin  beds  of 
limestone;  thickness  about  4000'.  Cliaraeteristic  fossils  are:  Pccten 
acutiplicatus,  Pholadomya  ncvadana,  Pinna  expansa.  They  are  of 
Lower  Jurassic  age,  Lias,  though  the  upper  beds  may  reach  into  the 
^Middle  Jurassic. 

The  Hardgrave  sandstone  of  Plumas  County  consists  of  500'  of  dark 
gray  and  reddish  shales,  sandstones  and  tuffs,  and  contain  Pccten  acuti- 
plicatus, Plioladomya  nevadana,  and  Pinna  expansa,  of  Lower  Jurassic 
age.  The  same  formation  occurs  in  the  Blue  IMountains  of  Oregon,  and 
Ihe  West  Humboldt  Range  of  Nevada. 

The  ^Mormon,  Bicknell,  Hinehman,  and  Thompson  formations  of 
Genessee  Valley,  Plumas  County,  described  by  J.  S.  Diller-^  are  of 
small  thickness  and  areal  extent,  important  stratigraphically  only 
because  they  contain  the  only  known  ^Middle  Jurassic  fauna  in  Cali- 
fornia. They  are  important  geographically,  because  they  show  the  last 
appearance  of  Mediterranean  faunas  on  the  West  Coast  before  the 
Eocene  invasion. 

The  ^lariposa  formation,  known  only  along  the  Gold  Belt,  from 
Plumas  to  Mariposa  County,  includes  the  dark  Mariposa  slates,  the 
tuffaceous  beds  of  Colfax,  and  great  stretches  of  amphibolite  schists 
that  were  originally  tuffs,  also  igneous  rocks  of  minor  extent.  The 
^Mariposa  slates  contain  characteristic  LTpper  Jurassic  fossils  at  a  num- 
ber of  places,  especially  the  Texas  ranch,  six  miles  out  from  Copper- 
opolis  on  the  road  to  Sonora,  (^alaveras  Count.y,  where  the  writer 
collected  Aucdla  rrriiif/loiii,  Cardioccras  alfcDtans,  Pcrisphinctcs  sp., 
and  other  fossils. 

The  tuff  beds  of  Colfax  contain  Pcrisphinctcs  colfaxi,  and  the  same 
beds  near  Nashville,  Amador  County,  contain  Simbirslcites  sp. 

The  total  thickness  of  the  Mariposa  is  very  great,  about  10,000', 
including  the  equivalents  of  the  Kimmeridge  and  the  Portland  forma- 
tions of  Europe.  This  apparently  great  thickness  may  be  caused  by 
folding  and  faulting,  or  may  ])e  due  to  the  included  tuff  beds. 

The  Milton  formation  of  the  Gold  Belt  folios,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  is  a 
synonym  for  the  iNfariposa.  I'he  ^lonte  d'Oro  formation  of  Butte 
County,  in  tlie  foothills  of  tiie  Sieri'a  Nevada,  is  a  phase  of  the  .Mari- 
posa, containing  the  same  auriferous  quartz  veins,  and  nuide  up  of 
similar  tuffaceous  slates.  It  is  interesting  chiefly  because  it  contains  a 
fine  Jurassic  flora,  described  by  \V.  ^F.  Fontaine",  who  thinks  this  flora 
may  be  lower  Oolite,  Middle  Jurassic.  It  is  older  than  the  Jurassic 
flora  of  southern  Oregon,  although  many  types  are  common  to  the  two 
floras. 


"Bull.  353,  U.  S.  G.  S. 

»=20th  An.  Rept,  part  2,  U.  S.  (3.  S.,  pp.  342-308. 


32  STATE   MINING   BUREAU.    • 

FRANCISCAN  FORMATION. 
Color,  gray  blue.  Symbol,  Jf. 

The  Franciscan  formation  is  well  developed  throughout  the  coastal 
region  of  California,  from  the  Siskiyou  Mountains  of  Del  Norte,  in 
the  northern  and  middle  Coast  Ranges,  the  western  part  of  the  Sierra 
Madre  Range,  Santa  Barbara  County,  and  doubtfully  in  Orange  and 
San  Diego  counties.  It  is  also  widely  distributed  in  western  Oregon, 
and  is  thought  to  occur  also  in  the  Olympic  Range  of  Washington. 

It  is  made  up  of  cherts,  altered  sandstones,  slates,  and  glaucophane- 
bearing  schists.  The  beds  are  greatly  contorted  and  altered,  much 
intruded  by  serpentines  and  other  igneous  rocks,  which  are  mapped 
with  the  Franciscan. 

The  thickness  is  unknown,  but  must  be  at  least  15,000'.  Fossils  are 
known  in  the  Franciscan  in  a  few  places,  especially  at  Slate's  Hot 
Springs,  on  the  coast  of  Monterey  County,  where  C.  H.  Davis-^  has 
described  a  Jurassic  fauna,  and  assigned  the  beds  to  an  age  not  earlier 
than  Middle  Jurassic,  nor  later  than  the  Mariposa. 

The  Franciscan  rocks  were  first  described  by  H.  W.  Fairbanks^*,  who 
differentiated  them  from  the  Cretaceous,  and  upset  the  previously 
accepted  theory  of  Whitney  and  Becker  that  these  rocks  were  altered 
Cretaceous. 

The  formation  was  named  by  A.  C.  Lawson-^,  who  assigned  them  to 
the  Cretaceous,  as  Whitney  and  Becker  had  done.  This  view  is  long 
since  abandoned.  The  rocks  are  certainly  pre-Cretaceous,  though  not 
necessarily,  nor  even  probably,  all  Jurassic.  Similar  metamorphics  in 
the  Grecian  Archipelago  once  passed  for  altered  Cretaceous,  and  have 
since  turned  out  to  be  Paleozoic. 

There  are  in  the  Franciscan  great  masses  of  serpentine  and  numerous 
smaller  areas  of  dyke  rocks,  mapped  with  the  formation,  though  they 
are  intrusive  in  it,  and  therefore  younger. 

The  Franciscan  is  certainly  pre-Knoxville ;  in  the  Santa  Lucia  Moun- 
tains it  contains  Jurassic  fossils,  and  overlies  unconformably  the  Santa 
Lucia  series. 

At  the  end  of  the  Franciscan  and  the  Mariposa  epochs  came  the 
great  Cordilleran  Mesozoic  revolution,  in  which  the  mountain  ranges 
of  Western  America  were  uplifted,  great  masses  of  granite  were  thrust 
into  the  superjacent  formations,  and  quartz  veins  were  mineralized. 
This  was  the  most  important  event  in  the  geologic  history  of  California, 
and  prepared  the  way  for  the  future  wealth  of  the  State. 


=^New  species  from  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains,  California,  witli  a  discussion  of  the 
Jurassic  age  of  the  slates  at  Slate's  Springs.     Jour.  Geol.,  Vol.  21,  1913,  pp.  453-458. 

=*Pre-Cretaceous  age  of  the  metamorphic  rocks  of  the  California  Coast  Ranges. 
Amer.  Geol.,  Vol.  9,  pp.  153-166  ;  and  Notes  on  a  farther  study  of  the  pre-Cretaceous 
rocks  of  the  California  Coast  Ranges.     Amer.  Geol.,  Vol.  11,  pp.  69-84. 

=°Sketch  of  the  geology  of  the  San  Francisco  Peninsula.  15th  An.  Rept.,  U.  S.  G.  S., 
pp.  401-476. 


GEOLOGIC    FORMATIONS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  33 

CRETACEOUS. 

There  are  two  units  under  the  Cretaceovis,  the  lower,  containinti'  the 
Knoxville,  and  the  Horsetown  formations;  and  the  Upper,  containing 
the  Chico.  The  broad  band  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Coast  Ranges 
from  Shasta  County  soutliward  consists  chiefly  of  Knoxville;  that  on 
the  ocean  side  consists  chiefly  of  Chico. 

UNDIFFERENTIATED. 
Color,  nile  green.  Symbol.  K. 

^Marine  sandstones  and  shales  without  distinctive  fossils. 

LOWER  CRETACEOUS. 

Color,  olive  green.  Symbol,  Kk. 

The  Knoxville  formation,  consisting  of  shales,  sandstones,  and  con- 
glomerates, lies  unconformably  upon  the  Franciscan  rocks,  but  is 
greatly  mixed  with  them  by  folding  and  faulting.  The  ro<-ks  are 
darkened,  but  not  greatly  altered  nor  mineralized. 

The  thickness  of  the  formation  is  about  20,000',  and  it  extt-nds  from 
southwestern  Oregon  to  San  Luis  Obispo,  never  reaching  eastward  of 
the  Coast  Ranges.  Some  of  the  areas  mapped  as  Lower  Cretaceous 
probably  contain  some  Franciscan,  for  even  on  large-scale  nuips  a 
separation  is  difficult. 

The  formation  may  be  divided  paleontologically  into  two  divisions: 
lower  Knoxville,  w^ith  Aucella  piocki  and  Fliylloceras  knoxvillense;  and 
upper  Knoxville,  with  Aucella  crassa  and  A.  crassicollis.  These  are  not 
mapal)le  divisions. 

The  lower  Knoxville,  in  southern  Oregon,  and  northern  California, 
contains  a  flora  described  by  W.  M.  Fontaine-"  as  Upper  Jurassic.  The 
upper  Knoxville  and  Horsetown  formations  contain  a  flora  described 
by  Fontaine-'  as  the  Shasta  Flora,  and  assigned  by  him  to  the  Neo- 
comian  division  of  the  Lower  Cretaceous.  J.  S.  Diller-*"  doubts  th(i 
Jurassic  age  of  the  Oregon  flora,  and  assigns  it  to  the  Lower  Cretaceous. 
The  evidence  brought  up  by  F.  H.  Knowlton"-''  seems  to  show  that  the 
fossil  flora  of  the  lower  Knoxville  is  uppermost  Jurassic,  though  post- 
r\Iariposa.  The  break  between  ^lariposa  and  Knoxville  does  not  coin- 
cide with  the  dividing  line  between  Jurassic  and  Cretacenus.  The 
upper  Knoxville  is  certainly  Neocomian,  Lower  Cretaceous. 

The  Knoxville  fauna  has  been  iuWy  described  by  T.  W.  Stanton  in 
Bull.  133,  U.  S.  G.  S. 

Jlorsetoivn  formation.  This  is  known  certainly  only  in  northern 
California,  where  it  has  been  described  by  J.  S.  Diller,  in  the  Redding 
folio,  U.  S.  G.  S.     It  consists  of  about  6000'  of  calcareous  shales  and 


-"Mon.  48,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  pp.  4  8-14.-.. 

-•■Mon.  48,  U.  S.  G.  S..  pp.  211--:i77. 

-"Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer..  Vol.   19    (1908),  pp.  367-402. 

•-•»Amer.  Jour.  Sci..  Vol.  ^M^.    lili  sor.    MinO),  pp.   33-34;  63-64. 

3 — 26729 


34  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

sandstones,  lying  imconformably  upon  the  Knoxville,  but  conformably 
below  the  Chieo.  It  contains,  in  the"  region  of  Cottonwood  and  Hulen 
creeks,  southwest  of  Redding,  a  rich  fauna,  especially :  Lytoceras  hatesi, 
Phijlloceras  onoense,  SchloenhacJtia,  Desmoceras  hojfmanni,  Hoplites 
remondi.  The  age  is  probably  upper  Gault  and  possibly  lowest  Ceno- 
manian.  This  formation  has  been  listed  from  the  Mt.  Diablo  region, 
but  is  doubtful  there. 

UPPER  CRETACEOUS. 
Color,  light  green.  Symbol,  Kc. 

The  Upper  Cretaceous  of  California  includes  only  the  Chico  forma- 
tion, which  is  distributed  along  the  West  Coast  from  Puget  Sound  to 
Lower  California,  chiefly  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  and  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Great  Valley,  but  overlaps  on  the  western  flank  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  near  Oroville,  in  Butte  County.  It  may  be  divided  paleonto- 
logically  into :  lower  Chico,  with  Schloenhachia  oregonensis;  and  upper 
Chico,  with  Placenficeras.  The  lower  Chico  is  probably  upper  Ceno- 
manian  and  Turonian  in  age,  equivalent  to  the  Colorado  formation, 
while  the  upper  Chico  is  probably  Senonian,  equivalent  to  the  Montana 
formation.  They  are  not  separable  as  mapping  units,  since  they  are 
perfectly  conformable  and  have  the  same  lithology. 

The  lower  Chico  is  best  known  in  southern  Oregon,  Shasta  County, 
California,  and  the  Santa  Ana  Mountains  in  Orange  County.  The 
upper  Chico  is  best  known  in  the  Coast  Ranges  from  San  Francisco 
southward,  especially  in  the  coastal  part  of  the  Sierra  Madre  Range 
in  southern  California. 

The  stratigraphy  and  paleontology  of  the  Chico  have  been  described 
by  F.  ]\I.  Anderson.^'^ 

The  Chico  beds  as  a  whole  consist  chiefly  of  yellowish  sandstones  Avith 
some  limy  shales.  Their  thickness  is  probably  at  least  4000'  where  the 
whole  formation  is  present. 

TERTIARY. 

EOCENE. 

Color,  orange.  Symbol,  Te. 

The  Eocene  includes  the  Martinez  and  Tejon  formations,  and  also 
the  lone,  which  is  a  synonym  of  Tejon. 

Martinez.  This  formation  consists  of  about  4000'  of  sandstones 
in  the  region  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  and  in  the  Santa  Monica  ^Nloun- 
tains  in  southern  California.  It  lies  unconformabl}'  between  the  Chico 
and  the  Tejon.  The  most  characteristic  fossils  are :  Venericardia 
planicosta.  Pholadomya  nasuta,  Cncullaea  matheivsoni,  Turritella  mar- 
fi)iezensis,  and  manj^  others. 


^''Cretaceous  deposits  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Sci.,  3d  Series,  Geol., 
Vol.  2,  No.  1,  pp.  1-152. 


GEOLOGIC   FORMATIONS   OF   CALIFORNIA.  35 

The  stratigraphy  and  paleontology  of  the  Martinez  have  been  fully 
described  by  R.  E.  Dickerson.^^ 

Tejon.  This  formation  has  a  thickness  of  about  10,000',  chiefly 
of  yellowish  sandstones.  It  occurs  from  Cape  Flattery  to  San  Diego, 
chiefly  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  western  side  of  the  Great  Valley,  and  a 
narrow  fringe  along  the  western  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  It  lies 
unconformably  between  the  Martinez  and  the  Oligocene.  Its  very  rich 
fauna  has  been  described  in  many  papers  by  T.  A.  Conrad,  W.  M.  Gabb, 
W.  H.  Dall,  R.  Arnold,  R.  E.  Diekerson'^-  and  C.  A.  Waring.  Some  of 
the  most  characteristic  fossils  are:  Venericardia  planicosta,  Cardium 
coopcri,  Crassatella  uvasana,  Turritella  uvasana. 

The  lone  formation,  of  the  western  flank  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  was 
originally  described  as  upper  Miocene,  but  has  been  shown  by  R.  E, 
Dickerson,  H.  Hannibal  and  others  to  be  upper  Eocene.  It  contains 
many  species  of  the  marine  fauna  and  characteristic  flora  of  the  Tejon 
formation  but  probably  represents,  in  part  at  least,  a  later  period  of 
time  and  sedimentation. 

The  Topatopa  formation  of  southern  California,  described  by  Eld- 
ridge  and  Arnold^^,  is  a  synonym  of  Tejon. 

The  fossil  flora  of  the  Tejon  is  almost  as  characteristic  as  the  inverte- 
brate fauna,  being  also  distinctly  subtropical.  It  is  best  known  in  the 
Tesla  region  of  the  ]\Iount  Diablo  Range,  and  in  the  foothills  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada.  Among  the  characteristic  plants  are :  Sabalites  cali- 
fornica,  Geonomites  schimppri,  Mar/noUa  califurnica,  Laurus  sp.,  and 
Juglans  califomica. 

AURIFEROUS  GRAVELS. 
Color,  orange. 

This  formation  consists  of  ancient  river  gravels  on  the  western  flank 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  in  the  Klamath  Mountains.  The  older 
gravels  are  contemporaneous  with  the  lone,  and  hence  are  Eocene,  as 
shown  by  R.  E.  Dickerson.  The  later  gravels  of  the  volcanic  and  post- 
volcanic  epochs  are  thought  to  be  Miocene.  W.  Lindgren^*  has  fully 
described  this  formation,  and  assigned  it  to  the  upper  Miocene,  but 
this  was  before  the  work  of  Dickerson  was  published.  The  flora  of 
the  older  gravels  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  Tejon  beds  of  the  Tesla 
region,  where  they  are  interbedded  with  a  typical  Eocene  marine  fauna. 

MIOCENE. 
Color,  cadmium  yellow.  Symbol,  Tm. 

The  Miocene  is  widely  distributed  in  the  middle  Coast  Ranges  from 
San  Francisco  southward ;  along  the  western  side  and  southern  end  of 

"Fauna  of  the  Martinez  Eocene  of  California.  Bull.  Dept.  Geol..  Univ  of  Cali- 
fornia. Vol.  8,  No.   6    (1914),  pp.  61-180. 

"Stratigrapliy  and  fauna  of  tlie  Tejon  Eocene  of  California.  Univ.  of  Cal  Pub 
Bull..  Dept.  Geol.,  Vol.  9,  No.  17,  pp.  363-524.  1916. 

^=Bull.  309,  U.  S.  G.  S. 

"The  Auriferous  Gravels  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Prof.  Pap.  73,  U.  S.  G.  S. 


36  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

the  San  Joaquin  Valley ;  and  on  the  coastal  side  of  the  Sierra  Madre  as 
far  as  Orange  County.  Lake  beds  of  this  age  are  extensively  developed 
in  Trinity  and  Lake  counties,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Continental 
accumulations  are  known  in  Kern,  Inyo  and  San  Bernardino  counties. 

Under  the  Miocene  the  San  Lorenzo  Oligocene  beds  of  the  Santa  Cruz 
Mountains  are  included,  because  the  scale  of  the  map  is  too  small  for 
their  separation.  For  the  same  reason  the  Sespe  formation  of  the 
Santa  Ynez  Mountains,  is  mapped  with  the  Miocene,  although  Arnold 
supposed  it  to  be  Oligocene. 

The  Miocene  proper  includes  the  following  formations,  beginning 
with  the  older  beds. 

Lower  Miocene.  Vaqueros  formation,  described  by  Fairbanks, 
San  Luis  Folio,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  and  more  fully  by  J.  C.  Branner,  J.  F. 
Newsom,  and  R.  Arnold  in  the  Santa  Cruz  Folio,  U.  S.  G.  S.  It 
consists  of  several  thousand  feet  of  hard  yellowish  gray  sandstones  and 
conglomerates,  well  developed  in  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains;  the  east 
side  of  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains  (the  type  section)  ;  the  Santa  Ynez 
Mountains;  and  the  Santa  IMonica  Mountains.  It  is  not  known  north 
of  San  Francisco,  nor  east  of  the  Coast  Ranges. 

Characteristic  fossils  are  Pecten  magnolia,  Turritella  inezana  — 
{T.  Jioffmanni)  and  Scutella  fairhanksi. 

Monterey.  The  ^Monterey  formation  was  first  named  by  Blake  in 
the  Pacific  R.  R.  Reports,  to  include  the  diatomaceous  shales  of  the 
Coast  Ranges;  re-named  and  described  by  A.  C.  Lawson^'^  to  include 
the  sandy  facies  of  the  same  series;  later  more  fully  described  and 
discussed  by  G.  D.  Louderback'"',  who  includes  also  the  Vaqueros  forma- 
tion under  this  series. 

The  Monterey  shale  facies  is  best  known  in  the  middle  Coast  Ranges, 
where  it  reaches  a  thickness  of  5000',  and  is  the  chief  source  of  the 
petroleum  of  California.  The  sandy  facies  is  best  known  in  the  Contra 
Costa  Hills ;  the  southeast  side  of  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains :  the 
Coalinga  oil  fields ;  the  Kern  oil  fields ;  and  the  Santa  Monica  ^loun- 
tains. 

The  sandy  facies  of  the  Monterey  has  been  called  the  Temblor  forma- 
tion by  F.  M.  Anderson",  with  the  fauna  of  the  Kern  oil  fields.  Barker's 
ranch,  as  the  type.  Arnold'^  calls  these  beds  Vaqueros,  but  later  usage 
has  placed  them  under  the  Monterey. 

Characteristic  fossils  are:  Pecten  andersoni,  P.  miguelensis,  Chione 
temblorensis,  Ficus  kernianus,  Agasoma  harkeriamim,  and  Turritella 
ocoyana. 


'■^Geology  of  Carmelo  Bay,  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.,  Univ.  of  Cal.,  Vol.   1. 
""The  Monterey  series  in  California,  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.,  Univ.  of  Cal.,  Vol.  7,  No.   10. 
"A  stratigraphic  study  in  the  Mount  Diablo  Range  of  California,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad. 
Sci.,  3d  Ser.  Geol.,  Vol.  2,  No.  2,  pp.  155-248. 
»»Bull.   398,  U.  S.  G.  S. 


GEOLOGIC   FORMATIONS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  37 

At  the  top  of  the  Monterey  in  Alameda  and  Contra  Costa  counties 
lie  the  Briones  beds,  zone  of  Scutella  hrewenana,  included  by  Lawson^*" 
under  the  ^Monterej'. 

After  the  Monterey  epoch  came  the  uplift  and  mountain-making  of 
the  Coast  Ranges,  hardening  all  the  older  Tertiary  rocks,  and  inaugu- 
rating the  modern  topography  of  the  State. 

Upper  Miocene.  Santa  Margarita  formation  of  the  east  side  of 
Salinas  Valley,  and  the  Coalinga  oil  fields,  light  gray  granitic  sand- 
stones, and  sandy  shales,  thickness  about  1200'.  These  beds  were  first 
definitely  named  by  Fairbanks  in  the  San  Luis  Obispo  Folio,  IT.  S.  G.  S. ; 
their  fauna  has  been  fully  described  by  R.  Arnold**^',  who  calls  the  forma- 
tion middle  Pliocene.  The  Jaealitos  beds  have  been  separated  from  the 
Santa  Margarita  by  R.  Arnold*^  on  the  basis  of  a  slight  unconformity. 

The  most  characteristic  fossils  of  the  Santa  ^Margarita  are:  Feci  en 
crassicardo,  P.  estreUanus,  Ostrea  titan,  Tamiosoma  gregaria,  and 
Astrodapsis  antiselli.  The  mast  distinctive  fossils  of  the  Jaealitos  are: 
Pecten  oiveni,  and  Scutella  gihhsi,  Troplwn  ponderosns,  and  the  earliest 
of  the  Pliocene  types. 

The  San  Pablo  formation,  named  by  J.  C.  Merriam*-  to  include  the 
Miocene  beds  of  San  Pablo  Bay.  is  the  equivalent  of  the  Santa  ^Nlarga- 
rita  and  possibly  the  Jaealitos  formations,  and  is  especially  character- 
ized by  Pecten  pabloensis,  Astrodapsis  tumidus  and  A.  ivhitneyi.  This 
fauna  has  been  studied  and  described  by  B.  L.  Clark'*". 

The  ]\Iohawk  lake  beds  of  Plumas  County,  formerly  called  Pleisto- 
cene, the  Truckee  lake  beds  of  Nevada  County,  and  the  Esmeralda  lake 
beds  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  are  included  under  the  Miocene,  along 
with  the  continental  accumulations  of  Kern,  San  Bernardino  and  Inyo 
counties.  The  uppermost  beds  of  the  desert  region  described  by  C.  L. 
Baker**  contain  a  Pliocene  fauna  of  vertebrates,  but  can  not  be  sep- 
arated in  mapping  on  a  small  scale. 

The  Cache  lake  beds  of  the  Clear  Lake  region,  described  by  Becker*^, 
are  included  under  the  Miocene;  also  the  beds  of  Hay  Fork  and 
Ilyampom  in  Trinity  County. 

Under  the  ^Miocene  are  classed  also  the  Tuscan  tuflfs  at  the  head  of 
the  Sacramento  Valley.  These  were  formerly  mapped  as  Pliocene, 
because  they  overlie  the  lone  formation,  formerly  called  Miocene,  now 
known  to  be  Eocene. 


"San  Francisco  Folio.  U.  S.  G.  S. 

^n'he  paleontology  of  the  Coalinga  district,  Fresno  and  Kings  counties,  California 
Bull.  .3!t6.  U.  S.  (1.  .S. 

♦'Bull.  398,  U.  S.  G.  S. 

"Bull.  Dept.  Geol.,  Univ.  of  Calif.,  Vol.  2,  No.  4,  pp.  109-118  ;  and  Jour.  Geol.,  Vol. 6, 
pp.  48:^-499   (quoted  by  H.  W.  Turner). 

"Fauna  of  The  San  Pablo  Group  of  middle  California.  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.,  Univ.  of 
California.  Vol.   S,  No.  22.  pp.  385-.t72.   191.5. 

"Bull.  Dept.  Geol..  Univ.  of  Calif.,  Vol.  6    No.  15,  pp.  333-383. 

"Mon.   13,  U.  S.  G.  S. 


38  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

PLIOCENE. 

Color,  lemon  yellow.  Symbol,  Tp. 

The  Pliocene  includes  the  San  Diego  formation  of  San  Diego,  the 
Merced  formation  of  the  San  Francisco  Peninsula;  the  Wildcat  for- 
mation of  Humboldt  County;  the  Fernando  formation  of  southern 
California ;  the  Etchegoin  formation  of  the  Coalinga  oil  fields ;  the 
Purisima  formation  of  the  Santa  Cruz  folio,  all  at  least  approximately 
contemporaneous;  also  the  Carrizo  formation  of  Imperial  and  San 
Diego  counties,  which  probably  includes  uppermost  Miocene  along 
with  the  Pliocene. 

These  formations  have  received  different  names  because  of  their  geo- 
graphic occurrence,  and  the  climatic  influences  on  their  faunas. 

The  Carrizo  formation  is  strictly  tropical,  characterized  by  Pinna, 
Dolium,  and  tropical  types  of  sea-urchins,  Encope  tenuis,  Clypeaster 
howersi,  C.  deserti,  etc. 

Arnold**^  called  this  formation  Miocene,  influenced  by  the  tropical 
character  of  the  fauna ;  but  this  is  the  head  of  the  ancient  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia, and  would  be  tropical  even  now,  if  the  sea  had  access  to  it. 

The  San  Diego  and  lower  Fernando  formations  of  the  coastal  region 
of  southern  California  are  warm  temperate  in  character,  characterized 
by  Pecten  aslileyi,  P.  healeyi,  P.  hemphilli,  P.  merriami,  Ficus  nocli- 
ferus,  Scutella  aslileyi,  Astrodapsis  fernandoensis. 

The  Etchegoin  beds  of  the  Coalinga  region  are  still  characterized  by 
warm  temperate  species;  they  were  described  by  F.  M.  Anderson  as 
Pliocene,  but  R.  Arnold*'^  influenced  by  the  strong  contrast  with  the 
Merced  fauna,  called  them  upper  Miocene.  They  are  now  generally 
admitted  to  be  lower  Pliocene.  Among  the  most  characteristic  fossils 
of  the  Etchegoin  are:  Pecten  oweni,  P.  coaling aensis,  Scutella  gihhsi, 
Mytilus  coaling  aensis,  Thais  kettlemanensis,  etc. 

The  Merced-Purisima  beds  of  the  San  Francisco  Peninsula  and  the 
Santa  Cruz  Mountains  have  a  more  northern  tj^pe  of  fauna,  Pecten 
healeyi,  P.  oweni,  Chrysodomus  imperialis,  C.  tahidatus,  Chione  sccuns, 
Paphia  staleyi,  Scutella  interlineata.  This  same  fauna  occurs  in  the 
Wildcat  beds  of  Eel  River,  except  that  Pecten  healeyi  and  P.  oiveni  are 
lacking. 

Still  further  north,  on  the  coasts  of  Oregon  and  Washington,  the 
facies  of  the  Pliocene  inclines  to  sub-boreal. 

In  southern  California  the  Fernando  beds  are  overlain  by  still 
younger  Pliocene,  called  the  Santa  Barbara  formation,  characterized 
by  more  modern  and  cooler  water  types  than  those  of  the  Fernando. 

The  Merced  has  a  thickness  of  5000',  the  other  contemporaneous 
formations  of  the  Pliocene  are  much  thinner ;  all  are  little  consolidated 


^"Prof.  Paper  No.  47,  U.  S.  G.  S  (1906). 
*'Bun.   398,  U.   S.  G.   S. 


GEOLOGIC    FORMATIONS   OF   CALIFORNIA.  39 

sandstones  and  shales,  much  softer  and  less  disturbed  than  the  Pliocene 
formations.  The  Paso  Robles  estuarine  beds  of  the  Salinas  Valley, 
the  Santa  Clara  lake  beds  of  the  region  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  and 
the  Tulare  lake  beds  of  the  Coalinga  region  are  included  under  the 

Pliocene. 

TERTIARY  UNDIFFERENTIATED. 

Color,  chrome  yellow  with  inclined  ruling.  Symbol.  T. 

This  heading  includes  continental  beds  partly  formed  by  rivers  and 
partly  by  deposition  in  ponds.  In  most  cases  these  undifferentiated 
beds  are  either  Miocene  or  Pliocene. 

A  small  area  of  marine  deposits  north  of  San  Diego  is  mapped  as 
Tertiary  undifferentiated,  because  it  is  supposed  to  contain  Eocene, 
Miocene  and  Pliocene  beds,  but  they  have  not  been  separated  on  maps. 

QUATERNARY. 

Color,  light  buff.  Symbol,  Q. 

The  Quaternary  includes  the  San  Pedro  marine  formation  of  the 
coast  of  southern  California;  older  alluvium  and  delta  formations  of 
the  Great  Valley  and  other  valleys;  lake  beds  in  various  parts  of 
the  State ;  desert  wash  of  southeastern  California ;  and  glacial  deposits, 
where  differentiated. 

The  San  Pedro  formation  is  entirely  marine,  and  has  a  thickness  of 
about  1000' ;  it  is  characterized  bj^  a  fauna  a,lmost  exactly  like  that  now 
living. 

The  brea  deposits  of  southern  California  contain  a  Pleistocene  verte- 
brate fauna  unlike  anything  no^v  living ;  this  is  true  also  of  the  Quater- 
nary cave  deposits  in  northern  California.  The  river  alluvium  also 
contains  many  extinct  forms. 

IGNEOUS  ROCKS. 

VOLCANIC  ROCKS. 
Color,  salmon  pink.  Symbol,  V. 

The  volcanic  rocks  shown  on  the  map  are  surface  flows,  chiefl}^  ande 
sites,  but  with  some  basalts  and  rhyolites,  mostly  of  Tertiary  age,  but 
including  the  Quaternary  lavas  of  ]\Iount  Shasta,  Lassen  Peak  and  the 
eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

The  Modoc  lava  sheet  covers  eastern  Siskiyou  and  eastern  Shasta 
counties,  and  all  of  ]\Iodoc  and  Lassen;  Mount  Shasta  and  Lassen  Peak 
form  a  southward  extension  of  the  Cascade  Range. 

The  volcanic  region  of  Clear  Lake  covers  extensive  stretches  of  Lake, 
Sonoma  and  Napa  counties.  The  Tertiary  volcanic  flows  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  cover  large  areas  from  Plumas  to  Tuolumne  Coimty.  The 
Great  Basin  volcanics  are  extensively  developed  from  Alpine  to  Ttiyo 


40  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

County,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  There  are  small  patches 
in  the  middle  Coast  Ranges,  and  mueh  larger  ones  in  the  Mojave  Desert 
of  Kern  and  San  Bernardino  counties. 

PLUTONIC  ROCKS. 
Color,  cerise.  Symbol,  P. 

Under  the  plutonic  rocks  are  grouped  the  batholiths  of  granite, 
granodiorite,  gabbro  and  quartz  diorite  that  occur  in  the  core  of  most 
of  the  mountain  ranges  of  California. 

The  greatest  batholith  in  the  State  is  that  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
extending  from  Plumas  County  to  Tejon  Pass  in  the  Tehachapi  Moun- 
tains. It  is  composed  chiefly  of  granodiorite,  but  contains  also  typical 
granite,  quartz  diorite,  and  gabbro.  Its  age  is  supposed  to  be  late 
Jurassic,  for  at  Indian  Gulch  in  Mariposa  County  a  dyke  of  granite 
cuts  across  and  metamorphoses  the  Mariposa  slates.  However,  it  is 
not  likely  that  this  immense  batholith  was  formed  all  in  one  age,  for 
rolled  pebbles  of  granitic  rocks  are  reported  from  the  Carboniferous, 
the  Triassic  and  the  Jurassic  sediments  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

The  second  greatest  batholith  is  that  of  the  Sierra  ]Madre,  beginning 
with  the  San  Gabriel  IMountains  of  Los  Angeles  County  and  running 
southeast  through  the  San  Jacinto  Mountains  and  the  San  Bernardino 
Range  to  Lower  California.  This  range  is  like  the  Sierra  Nevada  in 
constitution,  but  has  more  of  gneisses  and  schists  in  its  make-up. 
Nothing  is  known  of  its  age,  except  that  in  the  Santa  Ana  Mountains 
of  Orange  County  the  granitic  rock  has  altered  Triassic  strata. 

Throughout  the  Mojave  and  Colorado  deserts  there  are  bosses  ol" 
true  granite,  and  numerous  large  patches  of  gneiss  that  are  probably 
granitic.  These  may  belong  to  the  pre-Cambrian,  even  Arclijean,  and 
are  mapped  as  plutonic  only  where  they  are  known  to  be  intrusive. 

In  the  Klamath  Mountains  of  Siskiyou,  Shasta,  Trinity  and  Del 
Norte  counties  there  are  numerous  batholiths  of  granitic  rocks,  very 
like  those  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  supposed  to  belong  to  the  same 
period.  But  since  no  fossiliferous  sediments  of  later  age  than  Upper 
Carboniferous  are  invaded  by  these  rocks,  no  definite  age  can  be 
assigned  to  them.  And  since  the  batholiths  are  isolated,  we  do  not 
know  that  they  all  belong  to  one  great  intrusive  mass. 

The  core  of  the  Coast  Ranges  is  undoubtedly  a  batholith,  or  series  of 
l^atholiths.  Granitic  rocks  crop  out  underneath  the  later  sediments 
at  a  number  of  places,  showing  small  bosses  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County; 
and  large  masses  in  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains  of  Monterey  County, 
with  some  small  patches  in  Santa  Cruz,  San  Mateo  and  Marin  counties. 
The  Farallone  Islands  are  such  a  denuded  remnant  of  the  axis  of  the 
Coast  Ranges.  All  through  the  Coast  Ranges  the  great  abundance  of 
granitic  sands  shows  the  former  surface  extent  of  this  batholith. 


GEOLOGIC    FORMATIONS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  41 

We  know  little  of  the  age  of  these  granitic  rocks.  In  the  Santa  Lucia 
^Mountains  the  Franciscan  rocks  are  said  to  lie  upon  the  eroded  surface 
of  granite,  which  is  therefore  pre-Franciscan  there.  Whether  the  other 
bosses  are  of  the  same  age  can  not  be  said.  At  any  rate  they  are  all 
pre-Cretaeeous. 

The  rocks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  have  been  fully  described  by  H.  W. 
Turner  and  W.  Lindgren,  in  papers  cited  above;  those  of  the  Sierra 
Madre  partially  studied  by  R.  Arnold,  0.  H.  Hershey  and  A,  ^I.  Strong- 
those  of  the  Coast  Ranges  by  A.  C.  Lawson;  those  of  the  Klamath 
^Mountains  by  J.  S.  Diller  and  0.  H.  Hershey.  A  petrographic  study 
of  these  batholiths  is  one  of  the  great  needs  in  the  geology  of 
California. 

PETROLEUM. 
Color,  black.  Symbol  Oil. 

The  proven  oil  areas  in  California  total  80,702  acres,  or  126  square 
miles.  On  the  geologic  map  the  larger  commercially  productive  fields 
are  indicated  by  cross-hached  areas;  smaller  occurrences  and  less  exten- 
sive producing  areas  by  solid  black. 


APPENDIX. 


PUBLICATIONS   OF  THE   CALIFORNIA   STATE  MINING  BUREAU. 


Publications  of  this  Bureau  will  be  sent  on  receipt  of  the  requisite  amount, 
stamps,  coin  or  money  orders  will  be  accepted  in  payment. 

Money  orders  should  be  made  payable  to  the  State  Mining  Bureau. 
Personal  checks  will  not  be  accepted. 


Only 


REPORTS. 

Asterisk   (*)    indicates  the  publication  is  out  of  print. 
*Report  I.      Henry  G.   Hanks.      1880. 

♦Report        II.     Henry  G.   Hanks.      1882. 
♦Report      III.     Henry  G.   Hanks.      1883. 
♦Report       IV.     Henry  G.   Hanks.      1884. 
♦Report        V.     Henry  G.   Hanks.     1885. 
♦Report      VI.     Part   1.     Henry  G.   Hanks.      1886. 
♦Report       VI.     Part  2.     Wm.  Irelan,   Jr.     1886. 
♦Report     VII.     Wm.  Irelan,  Jr.      18S7. 
♦Report  VIII.     Wm.  Irelan,  Jr.      1888. 
♦Report       IX.     Wm.   Irelan,  Jr.     1889. 
♦Report        X.     Wm.   Irelan,  Jr.     1890.  Price. 

Report       XI.     "Wm.   Irelan,  Jr.      1892.      (First  biennial) $1.00 

♦Report     XII.     J.  J.   Crawford.      1894.      (Second  biennial) 

♦Report  XIII.     J.  J.   Crawford.      1896.      (Third  biennial) 

Chapters  of  State  Mineralogist's  Report,  Fletcher  Hamilton: 

Mines  and  Mineral  Resources  of  Imperial  and  San   Diego  Counties — F.   J.   H. 

Merrill.      1914   .35 

Mines  and  Mineral   Resources,   Amador,   Calaveras  and  Tuolumne   Counties — 

W.  B.  Tucker.      1915 .50 

Mines  and  Mineral  Resources,    Colusa,    Glenn,    Lake,    Marin,    Napa,    Solano, 

Sonoma  and  Yolo  Counties — Walter  W.  Bradley.     1915 .50 

Mines  and  Mineral  Resources,  Del  Norte,   Humboldt  and  Mendocino  Counties 

— F.    L.    Lowell.      1915 .25 

Mines  and  Mineral  Resources,  Fresno,  Kern,  Kings,  Madera,  Mariposa,  Merced, 
San    Joaquin    and    Stanislaus    Counties — Walter   W.    Bradley,    G.    C.    Brown, 

F.  L.   Lowell  and  R.   P.  McLaughlin.      1915 .50 

Mines  and  Mineral   Resources,   Shasta,   Siskiyou  and  Trinity  Counties — G.   C. 

Brown.      1915    .50 

Report  XIV.     Fletcher  Hamilton.     1915.      (The  above  county  chapters  combined 

in  a  single  volume) t 

BULLETINS. 

♦Bulletin     1.     Desiccated  Human   Remains. — Winslow  Anderson.     1888 

♦Bulletin     2.     Methods  of  Mine   Timbering. — W.   H.   Storms.      1894 

♦Bulletin     3.     Gas  and  Petroleum  Yielding  Formations  of  the  Central  Valley  of 

California. — W.  L.  Watts.      1894 

♦Bulletin     4.     Catalogue    of    California    Fossils    (Parts   2,    3,    4    and    5). — J.    G.  

Cooper.      1894   

♦Bulletin     5.     The  Cyanide  Process :   Its   Practical  Application  and  Economical  

Results. — A.   Scheidel.     1894 

Bulletin     6.     California   Gold   Mill   Practices. — E.    B.    Preston.      1895 .50 

♦Bulletin     7.     Mineral    Production    of   California,   by   Counties,    1894. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated   sheet)    

♦Bulletin     8.     Mineral   Production    of   California,   by    Counties,    1895. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated  sheet)   

♦Bulletin     9.     Mine  Drainage,  Pumps,  etc. — Hans  C.  Behr.      1896 

♦Bulletin  10.     A    Bibliography    Relating    to    the    Geology,     Palaeontology,    and 

Mineral   Resources  of  California. — A.  W.  Vogdes.     1896_ 

♦Bulletin   11.     Oil   and   Gas   Yielding   Formations   of   Los  Angeles,   Ventura   and 

Santa  Barbara  Counties. — W.  L.  Watts.     1896 

♦Bulletin   12.     Mineral    Production    of   California,   by   Counties,    1896. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated  sheet) 

♦Bulletin  13.     Mineral   Production   of   California,   by    Counties,    1897.— Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated  sheet) 

♦Bulletin   14.     Mineral    Production   of   California,   by   Counties,    1898. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated  sheet) 

Bulletin   15.     Map  of  Oil  City  Oil  Fields,  Fresno  County. — J.  H.  Means 

♦Bulletin   16.     The   Genesis   of   Petroleum  and   Asphaltum   in   California. — A.    S. 

Cooper.     1899 

♦Bulletin   17.     Mineral   Production   of   California,   by   Counties,    1899. — Chas.    G. 

Yale       (Tabulated  sheet) — -. 

♦Bulletin   18.     The  Mother  Lode  Region  of  California. — W.  H.  Storms,  1900 

♦Bulletin  19.     Oil   and   Gas   Yielding   Formations   of   California. — W.    L.   Watts. 
1900 . 

fWrite  for  price  list. 


APPENDIX. 


43 


PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE    CALIFORNIA    STATE     MINING     BUREAU— Continued. 

Asterisk  (•)  indicates  the  publication  is  out  of  print. 

Price. 
•Bulletin  20.     Synopsis    of    General    Report    of    State    Mining    Bureau. — W.    L. 

Watts.     1900 

•Bulletin  21.     Mineral    Production    of   California,   by   Counties,    1900. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

•Bulletin  22.     Mineral   Production   of  California  for  Fourteen  Years. — Chas.   G. 

Yale.     1900.      (Tabulated  sheet)    

Bulletin.  Reconnaissance  of  the  Colorado  Desert  Mining  District. — Stephen 

Bowers.     1901 

Bulletin  23.     The  Copper  Resources  of  California. — P.  C.  DuBois,  F.  M.  Ander- 
son, J.   H.   Tibbits,   and  G.  A.   Tweedy.      1902 .50 

•Bulletin  24.     The   Saline  Deposits  of  California. — G.   E.   Bailey.     1902 

•Bulletin  25.     Mineral    Production    of   California,    by   Counties,    1901. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

•Bulletin  26.     Mineral    Production    of    California    for    Fifteen    Years. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.     1901.     (Tabulated  sheet) 

•Bulletin  27.     The   Quicksilver   Resources   of   California. — Wm.    Forstner.      1903    

•Bulletin  28.     Mineral    Production   of   California,   by    Counties,    1902. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

•Bulletin   29.     Mineral    Production    of    California   for    Sixteen    Years. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.     1902.     (Tabulated  sheet) 

■*Bulletin   30.     A  Bibliography  of  Geology,  Palaeontology,  and  Mineral  Resources 

of  California. — A.   W.   Vogdes.      1903    

•Bulletin   31.     Chemical  Analyses  of  California  Petroleum. — H.  N.  Cooper.      1903. 

(Tabulated  sheet)   _. 

Bulletin   32.     Production  and  Use  of  Petroleum  in  California. — P.  W.  Prutzman. 

1904 .25 

•Bulletin  33.     Mineral    Production    of   California,    by    Counties,    1903. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

•Bulletin  34.     Mineral  Production  of  California  for  Seventeen  Years. — Chas.  G. 

Yale.     1903.     (Tabulated  sheet) 

•Bulletin   35.     Min.  s  and  Minerals  of  California  for  1903. — Chas.  G.  Yale.      1904. 

(Statistical)     

•Bulletin   36.     Gold  Dredging  in  California. — J.  E.  Doolittle.      1905 

Bulletin  37.     Gems,  Jewelers'  Materials,  and  Ornamental  Stones  of  California. 
— George  F.  Kunz.     1905  : 

First  edition    (without  colored  plates) .25 

*Second  edition    (with  colored  plates) 

•Bulletin   38.     The    Structural    and    Industrial    Materials    of    California. — "Wm. 

Forstner,    T.    C.    Hopkins,    C.   Naramore,   L.    H.    Eddy.      1906 

•Bulletin  39.     Mineral    Production    of   California,    by    Counties,    1904. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

•Bulletin  40.     Mineral   Production   of  California   for  Eighteen  Years. — Chas.   G. 

Yale.      1904.       (Tabulated    sheet)    

•Bulletin  41.     Mines    and    Minerals    of    California,     for     1904 — Chas.     G.     Yale 

(Statistical)     

•Bulletin   42.     Mineral    Production    of   California,    by   Counties,    1905. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

•Bulletin  43.     Mineral   Production   of  California  for  Nineteen  Years. — Chas.   G. 

Yale.      190.1.       (Tabulated    sheet)    

•Bulletin  44.     Mines    and    Minerals    of    California,    for    1905. — Chas.    G.    Yale. 

(Statistical)     

•Bulletin  45.     Auriferous  Black  Sands  of  California. — J.  A.  Edman.     1907 

Bulletin  46.     General  Index  to  Publications  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau. — Com- 
piled by  Chas.  G.  Yale.     1907 .30 

•Bulletin  47.     Mineral    Production    of   California,    bv    Counties,    1906. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated   sheet)    

•Bulletin  48.     Mineral    Production    of    California    for   Twenty   Years. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      1906.       (Tabulated   sheet)    

•Bulletin  49.     Mines    and    Minerals    of    California,    for    1906. — Chas.    G.    Yale. 

(Statistical)    

Bulletin  50.     The   Copper   Resources   of   California. — A.    Hausmann,   J.    Krutt- 

schnitt.   Jr.,  W.   E.   Thome.   J.   A.   Edman.     1908 1.00 

•Bulletin  51.     Mineral    Production    of    California,    by    Counties,    1907. — D.    H. 

Walker,  Statistician.      (Tabulated  sheet) 

•Bulletin  52.     Mineral   Production   of  California  for  Twentv-one   Years. — D.   H. 

"U'^alker,    Statistician.      1907.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

•Bulletin  53.     Mineral  Production  of  California  for   1^17,  with  County  Maps. — 

D,   H.   Walker,   Statistician.      1908.      (Statistical) 

♦Bulletin   54.     Mineral    Production    of    California,    by    Counties,     1908. — D.    H. 

Walker,    Statistician.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

•Bulletin   55.     Mineral   Production  of  California  for  Twenty-two  Years. — D.   H. 

Walker.    Statistician.      1908.      (Tabulated   sheet)    

•Bulletin   56.     Mineral    Production    for    1108.    Countv    Maps,    and    Mining    Laws 

of  California. — D.    H.   Walker.      1909.      (Statistical) 

•Bulletin   57.     Gold    Dredging    In    California. — W.    B.    Winston,    Charles    Janin. 

1010 

•Bulletin   58.     Mineral    Production    of    California,    by    Counties.     1909. — D.    H. 

Walker.  Statistician.      (Tabulated  sheet) 

•Bulletin  59.     Mineral  Production  of  California  for  Twentv-three  Years. — D.  H. 

Walker,  Statistician.     1909.      (Tabulated  sheet) 

•Bulletin   60.     Mineral    Production    for    1909.    County    Maps,    and    Mining   Laws 

of  California. — D.H.Walker.     1910.     (Statistical) 


44  APPENDIX. 

PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE    CALIFORNIA    STATE    MINING    BUREAU— Continued. 

Asterisk   (♦)   indicates  the  publication  Is  out  of  print. 

Price. 
♦Bulletin  61.     Mineral   Production   of   California,    by   Counties,    for   1910. — D.    H. 

Walker,  Statistician.     (Tabulated  sheet) 

Bulletin   62.     Mineral  Production  of  California  for  Twenty-four  Years. — D.  H. 

Walker,  Statistician.      1910.      (Tabulated  sheet) 

Bulletin   63.     Petroleum   in   Southern   California. — P.    W.    Prutzman.     1912 .75 

Bulletin   64.     Mineral  Production  for  1911. — B.   S.  Boalich,   Statistician,   1912__    

Bulletin   65.     Mineral  Production  for   1912. — B.   S.  Boalich,   Statistician,  1913__    

♦Bulletin   66.     Mining  Laws,  United  States  and   California,    1914 

Bulletin   67.     Minerals  of  California. — A.    S.    Eakle.      1914 

Bulletin   68.     Mineral   Production  for   1913. — E.    S.   Boalich.      1914 

Bulletin   69.     Petroleum  Industry  of  California,  with  Folio  of  Maps  (18x22  In.) 

— R.   P.  McLaughlin  and  C.   A.  Waring,   1914 2.00 

Bulletin  70.    .Mineral  Production   for   1914,   with  Mining  Law  Appendix.      1915    

Bulletin  71.     California  Mineral  Production  for  1915,  with  Mining  Law  Appen- 
dix and  Maps. — Walter  W.  Bradley,  1916 

Bulletin  72.     The  Geologic  Formations  of  California,  with  Reconnaissance  Map. 

— James  Perrin  Smith 

Bulletin  73.     Report  of  Operations  of  Department  of  Petroleum  and  Gas  for 

1915-16.— R.   P.   McLaughlin 

REGISTERS  OF   MINES  WITH    MAPS. 

Amador   County   $.25 

Butte    County    .25 

♦Calaveras    County    

*B1  Dorado  County 

*Inyo    County    

*Kern  County 

Lake  County .25 

Mariposa  County .25 

♦Nevada    County 

♦Placer  County 

♦Plumas    County    ; 

♦San  Bernardino  County  _^ 

♦San  Diego  County '. 

Santa  Barbara  County .25 

♦Shasta   County    

♦Sierra  County . 

♦Siskiyou  County 

♦Trinity  County   

♦Tuolumne  County 

Yuba    County    .25 

Register  of  Oil  Wells   (with  map),  Los  Angeles  City- .35 

OTHER   MAPS. 

California,   Showing  Mineral  Deposits    (50x60  in.) — 

Mounted    $1.50 

Unmounted    .30 

Forest   Reserves  in   California — 

Mounted    .50 

Unmounted     .30 

♦Mineral  and  Relief  Map  of  California 

El  Dorado  County,  Showing  Boundaries  of  National  Forests .20 

Madera  County,   Showing  Boundaries   of  National   Forests .20 

Placer  County,   Showing  Boundaries  of  National   Forests .20 

Shasta  County,   Showing  Boundaries  of  National  Forests .20 

Sierra  County,    Showing   Boundaries  of  National  Forests .20 

Siskiyou   County,    Showing  Boundaries   of  National   Forests .2Q 

Trinity  County,   Showing  Boundaries  of  National  Forests .45 

Tuolumne  County,  Showing  Boundaries  of  National  Forests .20 

♦Mother  Lode  Region 

Desert  Region  of  Southern   California .10 

Minaret    District,    Madera    County    -20 

Copper  Deposits  in  California -05 

Calaveras    County    -25 

Plumas    County    -25 

Tuolumne  County .25 

DETERMINATION  OF  MINERAL  SAMPLES. 
Samples  (limited  to  three  at  one  time)  of  any  mineral  found  in  the  state  may  be 
sent  to  the  Bureau  for  identification,  and  the  same  will  be  classified  free  of  charge. 
No  samples  will  be  determined  if  received  from  points  outside  the  state.  It  must  be 
understood  that  no  assays,  or  quantitative  determinations  will  be  made.  Samples 
should  be  in  lump  form  if  possible,  and  marked  plainly  with  name  of  sender  on  out- 
side of  package,  etc.  No  samples  will  be  received  unless  delivery  charges  are  prepaid. 
A  letter  should  accompany  sample,  giving  locality  where  mineral  was  found  and  the 
nature  of  the  information  desired. 

February.   1917. 


INDEX 


Page 

Alameda  County 37 

Alpine  County 39 

Amador  County 31 

American  Geographical  Society,  refei-- 

ence 23 

American   Geologist,    reference 

21,  22,  23,  28,  32 

American    Journal    of    Science,    refer- 
ence  ' 23,  25,  27,  33 

Anderson,  F.  M.__5,  6,  22,  23,  24,  34,  36,  38 

Anderson,  R 5,  21,  25 

Antisell,  Thomas 18 

Area  of  California 7 

Arnold,   Ralph 

—  5,  6,  20,  21,  22,   25,  35,  36,  37,  38,  41 
Auriferous  gravels 35 

Bailey,  G.  E 20 

Baird  formation 18,  28 

Baker,  C.  L 20,   37 

Ball,  S.   H 19,   20,   27 

Barber,  W.  B 23 

Bcal,  C.  H 22 

Becker,   G.   F 22,   23,   32,   37 

Bicknell  formation 31 

Blake,  W.  P ^ IS,  20,  36 

Bowers,  Stephen 20 

Bragdon  formation 18,   28 

Branner,  J.  C 5,   22,   36 

Brock  shales 29,   30 

Butte  County 31,   34 

Cache  lake  beds 37 

Calaveras  County 31 

formation    28 

California,  area  of • 7 

California   Academy   of   Sciences,    ref- 
erences  21,  22,  23,  24,  34,  36 

Cambrian  formations 26 

Campbell.  M.   R 20 

Carboniferous  formations 28 

Caribou  limestone 28 

Carrizo  formation 38 

Cascade  Mountains 24 

Cedar  formation 30 

Ciiemipal  deposits 16 

Chico   formation   34 

Clark.   B.    L 6,  37 

Coal  deposits 16 

measures 10 

Coast  ranges 21 

Colorado   Desert 20 

Columbian  lava  flood 11 

Colusa  County 15 

Conrad,  T.  A 18,  35 

Contra  Costa  County 37 

Copper  6 

Cooper,    W.   G 23,  24 

Crandel,  Roderic 22 

Cretaceous  formations 33 

Dall,  W.  H 6,  35 

Davis,  C.   H 22,  32 

Del  Norte  County 26,   32,  40 

Devonian  formations 27 

Dickerson.   R.  E 6,   21.   24,  35 

Diller,  J.   S 

5,  6.  19.  23.  24.  25,  27,  28,  30,  31,  33.  41 


Page 
Eakle.  A.  S 6 

Economic   Geology - 6 

Eldridge,   G.    H 20,   35 

English,   W.   H 22 

Eocene  formations 34 

Esmeralda  lake  beds 37 

Etchegoin   formation 38 

Eureka  quartzite 27 

Fairbanks,  H.  W 

_-5,  6,  19,  20,  21,  22,  23.  26,  32,  36.  37 

Ferguson,   H.  G 23 

Fernando  formation 38 

Fontaine,  W.  M 5,   31,   33 

Formations  shown  on  the  map 25 

Fossil  faunas  (see  Table  IV). 

Franciscan   formations    32 

Fresno  County 16 

Fusulina  limestone 14 

Gabb,  W.   M 35 

Geographic      relations      of      Western 

American  fossil  faunas.  Table  IV. 

Geologic  column  of  California,  Table  I. 

map  of  California 5,   8 

record    of    the    Great    Basin    Sea. 
Table  II. 
Geological   Society  of  America,   refer- 
ences  21,  22,  28,  33 

Gilbert.    G.    K 19 

Glaciation 6 

Gold  Belt 19,   31 

Gold  quartz   6 

Goodyear,  W.  A 20 

Great  Basin  Sea 10 

geologic  record  of.  Table  II. 

Great  Valley,  The 6.   24 

Grizzly  formation 27 

Hamilton,  Fletcher 5 

Hamlin,  Homer 22 

Hannibal,  H. 22,  23.  24.  35 

Hardgrave  formation 31 

Hershey.  O.   H 

5,  6,  20,  21,  23.  24,  25,  26,  28,  41 

Hinchman  formation 21 

Holway,  R.   S 6.   23,   24 

Hopkins,  T.  C 6 

Horsetown  formation 33 

Hosselkus   formation 29 

Humboldt   County 26.   38 

Hyatt,    A.    5,   29.   30 

Idaho,     Standard     American     Triassic 

section   in    10 

Igneous  rocks  12.  39 

Imperial   County 38 

Inorganic  sediments 13 

Invertebrate  faunas 6 

Inyo  County  

9.  15.  16.  26,  27,  29,  36.   37.  34 

lone   formation   35 

I.slands  of  the  Santa  Barbara  Channel  21 

.lacalitos   formation 37 

.Johnson.  H.  R 5.  19.  20.  21,  22.  2." 

Jones,   W.    F : 22 

Journal  of  Geolog>-,  references 23,  28,  32 

.Jurassic  formations 30 


46 


INDEX. 


Page 

Kennett  limestones 27 

Kern  County 16,   36,   37,  40 

Klamath  Mountains 23 

Knopf,  A 19,   26,  27 

Knowlton,  F.  H '  33 

Knoxville  formation 33 

Kunz,  G.  P 6 

Lake  County 26,  39 

Lassen  County 39 

Lawson,  A.  C 

5,  6,  19,  20,  22,  32,  36,  37,  41 

Lee,  W.  T 19 

Legend  for  geologic  map 8 

Lindgren,  Waldemar 

5,   6,   19,  24,    30,   35,  40 

Lone  Mountain  limestone 27 

Los   Angeles   County 40 

Louderback,  G.  D 6,  36 

McDonald,  D.  F 24 

MacDougal,  D.  T 20 

Marin  County 8,   40 

Marine  formations 8 

Mariposa  County 28,   31,   40 

formation     28,   31 

Martinez  formation 34 

McCloud  formation 18,  28 

McLaughlin,  R.  P 6,  21,  22,   25 

Meekoceras  beds 29 

Merced  formation 38 

Merriam,  J.   C 5,   6,   30,   37 

Milton  formation 31 

Mineralogj'' 1 6 

Mining  and  Scientific  Press,  references     23 

Miocene  formations 35 

Mississippian  Sea 10 

Modin  formation 30 

Modoc  County 39 

Modoc   lava  field 24,   39 

Mohawk  lake  beds 37 

Mojave  Desert 20 

Monte  d'Oro  formation 31 

Monterey  County 25,   32,   40 

formation 36 

Moran,  R.  B 22 

Mormon  formation 31 

Mother  Lode  region 16 

Napa  County 39 

Neocene    sections   of    California, 
Table  V. 

Neocomian  formation 33 

Nevada  County 37 

Nevs'berry;  J.  S 18 

Newson,  J.  F 22,  36 

Nosoni  formation 18,  28 

Ochsner,  W.  H 22 

Oil  fields 10 

Olenellus  beds 26,  27 

Orange  County 15.  32,  34,  36,   40 

Ordovician  formations 27 

Organic  sediments 14 

Osmont,  V.  C 22 

Pacific  Railroad  Reports,  references 

18.  20,  36 

Pacific  Record 11 

see  also  Table  IIL 

Pack,  R.  W 22 

Palache,   Charles 6,  22 

Paleobotany 5,   6 

Paleontology    5 

Paleozoic  metamorphics 26 


Page 
Parapopanoceras  beds 29 

Paso  Robles  formation 39 

Pemberton,  J.  R 21,   22 

Petrography '     g 

Petroleum g,   41 

Physical  geology '     6 

Physiography 6 

Pit  formation 29 

Placer  County 29,  30 

Pliocene  formations 38 

Plumas  County 

9,  15,  27,  28,  30,  31,  37,  39,  40 

Plutonic  formations 40 

Pogonip  limestone  : 27 

Potem  formation 30 

Pre-Cambrian  metamorphics 25 

Preston,  E.  B 20 

Prospect  Mountain  limestone 27 

quartzite 27 

Purisima  formation 38 

Quaternary  formation 39 

history  of  California,  Table  VI. 

invertebrates    6 

Quicksilver 6 

Ransome,  F.  L 5,  6,  19,  20,  23,  24 

Rock  forming  agencies  of  California 12 

Rogers,    A.    F 6 

Russell,  I.  C 6,    19,   24 

Sacramento  Valley 8,   24 

Sailor  Caiion  formation 29,   30 

San  Benito  County 16,   25 

San  Bernardino  County 

16,   25,  26,  36,  37,  40 

San  Diego  County 8,  16,  32,  35,  38 

formation    38 

San  Francisco  County 35 

San    Joaquin   Valley 8,   24 

San  Lorenzo  Oligocene  beds 36 

San  Luis  Obispo  County 15,  25,  33,  40 

San  Mateo  County 40 

San  Pablo  formation 37 

San  Pedro  formation 39 

Santa  Barbara  Channel  Islands 21 

County   15,    32 

formation   38 

Santa  Clara  formations 39 

Santa  Cruz  County 40 

Santa  Lucia  formations 25 

Santa  Margarita  formation 37 

Schuchert,  Charles 28 

Sespe  formation 36 

Shasta  County 

15,  16,  27,  28,  29,  30,  31.  33,  34,  39,  40 

Sierra  Madre 20 

Sierra  Nevada 19 

Sierran  record 11 

Siliceous  organic  sediments 15 

Silurian  formations 27 

Siskiyou  County__15,   16,  25,  26,  27,  39,  40 

Smith,   J.   P 5,   6,   28,   29,   30 

Smith,  W.  S.  T 21 

Sonoma  County 8,   39 

Sources  of  data  for  the  geologic  map_     IS 

Spurr,    J.    E 20,   27 

Stanton,  T.   W 6,   23,   33 

State  Mining  Bureau,  publications,  ref- 
erences   

5,   6,  19,  20.   21,  22,  23,  24,  25,  26 

Stratigraphy    5,   6 

Strong,  A.  M 6,   19,   21,41 

Structural  materials 6 


INDEX. 


47 


Page 
Table  I.     Geologic    Column    of    Cali- 
fornia. 
Table  II.     Geologic     Record     of     the 

Great  Basin  Sea  in  California. 
Table  III.     Pacific  Record. 
Table   IV.     Geographic    Relations    of 

Western  American  Faunas. 
Table    V.     Neocene   Sections  of   Cali- 
fornia. 
Table  VI.     Synopsis     of     Quaternary 
History  of  California. 

Taylorsville  formation 27 

Tejon  formation 35 

Temblor  formation 36 

Tcmpleton,  E.  C 22 

Tertiary  formations 34,  39 

Thelan,  P. l"t 

Thompson  formation 31 

Tolman,  C.  F..  Jr 22 

Topatopa  formation 35 

Triassic  formations 23 

Trinity  County_-_25.  26,  27,  28,  36.  37,  40 

Truckee  lake  beds 37 

Tulare  County 2S 

formation    39 

Tuolumne  County 39 

Turner.   H.  W 5,   6,   19,   24,   41 

Tuscan  tuffs 37 


United  States  Geological  Survey,  ref- 
erences     

—  -5  18,  19,  20,  21,  22,  23,  24,  25, 

26,  27,  28,  29.  30,  31,  32.  35,  36,  37,  38 
University     of     California,     Dept.     of 

Geologj',   references 

5,   19,   20,  21,  22,  23,  24,  30,  35,  36,  37 

\'a<luero.s  formation 36 

Vertebrate   faunas 6 

Volcanic  formations 39 

Vulcanism ' 6 

Walcott,  C.  D 5,  19 

Ward,  L.  F 5.   6 

Waring,  C.  A 19,   21,  22,  25,  35 

Waring,  G.  A 20 

Watts,  W.  L 25 

Weaver,  C.  E 6 

West  Humboldt  Range 10 

White,  C.  A 6,  23 

Whitney,  J.  D 18,  32 

W^ildcat  formation 38 

Wildwoort  formation 18,  28 

Willamette  Vallev 11 

Willis,    Bailey    18,   20,  26 

Yates,  L.  G 21 


THIS   BOOK   IS   DUE  ON   THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED   BELOW 


BOOKS   REQUESTED  BY  ANOTHER  BORROWER 
ARE  SUBJECT  TO   IMMEDIATE   RECALL 


o  A    m  Id  '8S 


M(  S4' 


MAY  1  5  1986 

PHYS  SCI  LIBRARY 


LIBRARY,   UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  DAVIS 

Book  Slip-Series  458 


PHYSICAL 
SCIENC  ' 
UBRA 


TN2-4 
A3 


LIBRARY 

yf#tV«^^.^nV  OF  CALIFORN13^ 
DAVIS 

91578 


/ 


